A small selection of words of political terminology, but no less important. In combination with other dictionaries on this topic ( , ), your vocabulary will be at its best. Some words are repeated with previous creations, but this is not a problem.

There are 25 words in the dictionary, which also include some and all of them directions. Basically, there is a phrase in the whole, for example, which can be used not only in politics. In any case, the selection has already been created, and manually, and it's up to you to decide whether to teach or not. As always, some words have a transcription, and plus a list of words in WORD format.

I create a list of words in such a convenient format, because I think that you should not get hung up only on computer learning, you can just print and learn in any way that is convenient for you.

List of studied political words:

weighted- weighted
consistent- consistent, persistent
goal oriented- purposeful
to conduct/pursue policy- pursue a policy
main directions- main directions
in the whole- fully
invariable- immutable, immutable; permanent, stable, stable
adherence to- strict adherence to (rules)
United Nations Charter- UN statute
conceptual- abstract, sketchy
advancement- promotion, improvement
ultimate goal- final goal
key element- main element
overall system– complex system (controls)
maintenance— maintenance; preservation
establishment of cooperation— establishing cooperation
disarmament- demilitarization, disarmament
peacemaking— peacekeeping
peacekeeping- keeping the peace (which stands for)
guarantee- guarantee; obligation, surety
territorial integrity- territorial integrity, inviolability
inviolability of boundaries- immunity
legal entity- entity
unfailing- unchanged; loyal

Words on the topic "Political Words VIII" in English with transcription

weighted	suspended
consistent	consistent, persistent
goal oriented	purposeful
to conduct/pursue policy	pursue a policy
main directions	main directions
in the whole	fully
invariable	immutable, immutable; permanent, stable, stable
adherence to	strict observance (of the rules)
United Nations Charter	UN statute
conceptual	abstract, schematic
advancement	promotion, improvement
ultimate goal	final goal
key element	main element
overall system	complex system (control)
maintenance	maintenance; preservation
establishment of cooperation	establishing cooperation
disarmament	demilitarization, disarmament
peacemaking	peacekeeping
peacekeeping	keeping the peace (which stands for)
guarantee	guarantee; obligation, surety
territorial integrity	territorial integrity, inviolability
inviolability of boundaries	immunity
legal entity	entity
unfailing	unaltered; loyal

Absenteeism- a manifestation of political culture (behavior), which consists in a deliberate avoidance of participation in elections.

Absolute monarchy - a form of government in which the power of the monarch (king, king) is not limited by law (constitution) or parliament.

Power- the ability to influence the behavior of other people, the main (first) institution of the political sphere (politics).

Elections- the system of formation of political management bodies, characteristic of the republican and democratic structure of the state. In a democratic system, elections are alternative, closed (secret), direct.

Genocide- extermination by one nation of another (for example, Jews by Nazi Germany in 1939-1945, Armenians by Turks in 1915).

The State Duma- the lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Consists of 450 deputies elected by proportional system (since 2016 by mixed) for 5 years. Considers and adopts federal laws.

State- a form of organization of power in a certain territory, which has sovereignty.

Citizen- the subject of legal relations, having the rights and obligations established by law.

Civil society- a set of non-state institutions and organizations that are not directly dependent on the orders of the authorities state power and taking an active part in public and political life.

Democracy- a type of political regime, characterized by the provision of maximum rights and freedoms to the population and their state guarantee.

Dualistic monarchy- a form of government in which the monarch (king, king) heads the executive branch, the government and the army. It turns out that the government has a double responsibility: both to the monarch and to the parliament. This rare form of monarchy is found, for example, in Morocco, Jordan.

Legislature one of the three branches of government responsible for making decisions laws. As a rule, the main legislative body is the Parliament.

Ideology (political)- a stable system of political norms, values ​​and methods of political struggle adopted by a particular political movement. There are three main types of modern political ideologies: conservative, liberal and revolutionary.

Electoral (elective) system- a mechanism for organizing democratic voting in elections of state authorities. There are majoritarian, proportional and mixed systems.

Majoritarian electoral system- elections of senior officials (the President of the Russian Federation, for example), in which the candidate must receive a majority of votes (in one or two rounds of voting) of voters.

proportional electoral system- elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which seats in parliament are distributed in accordance (in proportion) with the votes received. also a participating party needs to overcome a certain threshold (5-7% usually). In the Russian Federation, the State Duma is being formed in this way.

Mixed electoral system- elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which half of the seats in parliament are distributed according to the proportional system, and the other half according to the majoritarian (single-member) system. Elections of deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2016 will be held according to a mixed system.

Convention – from lat. convention – contract, agreement, a type of international treaty, usually signed by a large number of states and regulating an important issue for international relations (for example, Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989).

Convention on the Rights of the Child- the main international legal document adopted in 1989 by the United Nations and regulating the legal status of minors (children).

Conservatism- a type of political ideology that affirmed the priority of the development of society as a reliance on traditional values ​​- the state, religion, family.

constitutional order- the structure of society and the state, enshrined in the norms of constitutional law in countries with a constitutional system, for example, in the Russian Federation.

Confederation- a temporary association of sovereign states to solve political and economic problems (for example, the European Union). Can develop into a federation or cease to exist.

Liberalism- a type of political ideology that affirmed the priority of the development of society as a reliance on civil law (liberal) values ​​- human rights and freedoms (looknatural law) property, democracy and social reforms.

Monarchy- a form of government in which the source of power is the monarch and power is inherited (absolute, limited, dualistic).

The consignment- a political institution and a group of people united by ideology and the desire to achieve power or influence it.

Parliament- the highest body of legislative power in the republican state. Russia has a bicameral parliament - the Federal Assembly.

Party mass- a type of political parties that stand out in terms of organizational structure and are characterized by the presence of mandatory membership, party fees, party cards and regional organizations. Political parties in the Russian Federation are massive.

Party personnel- a type of political parties that stand out in terms of organizational structure and are characterized by the absence of mandatory membership and other formal signs of an individual's connection with the party. This is how the parties of the USA and Great Britain are arranged.

Plebiscite (referendum)- a nationwide poll on a matter of national importance. The decision of the plebiscite becomes law

Pluralism- a key feature of democracy, which consists in ideological diversity, the possibility of guaranteed public discussion and difference of opinions about the problems of society. In political practice, it is expressed in the multi-party system and competition of socio-political forces, forms of ownership.

Political ideology- a political concept, designed in the form of a program or scientific theory, expressing the interests of social groups, parties and political movements.

Political culture- characterizing the state political system state set of values ​​and stereotypes of the population, inherent in its political behavior. Allocate patriarchal, subservient and activist types of political culture.

Politic system- a set of interrelated political institutions, political views and norms within which political life takes place and political power is exercised. The author of the theory of the political system is the modern American political scientist Gabriel Almond.

Political process- this is a set of actions of subjects and institutions of the political system associated with the struggle for political power.

Political regime- a set of methods and methods used by the authorities to control the population (democratic and non-democratic).

Political science- humanitarian science that studies political processes and relations in society related to the activities of the state and other subjects of political activity.

Police – law enforcement agency, whose main purpose is to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens within the law.

Politics- objectively determined and purposeful participation of large masses of people, social groups and individuals in the affairs of the state, in solving problems of public life and managing society

Politics- the sphere of state and public activity, connected between social groups within the country and between states

Political power- the ability of any class, group, individual to carry out their will, expressed in politics

Government of the Russian Federation is the highest body of executive power in the Russian Federation.

Constitutional state- a state that sets as its main task the protection of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by it. The main features: the rule of law, the inviolability of human rights and freedoms, the separation of powers.

The president- the highest official in the republican state, the head of state.

Presidential republic- a type of republican form of government, characterized by significant powers of the highest official of the President, who heads the Government and is the supreme commander in chief (for example, in the USA).

President of the Russian Federation- the head of the Russian Federation, who has the status of supreme commander in chief, guarantor of the constitution. Elected by popular vote for 6 years, determines the main directions of the country's domestic and foreign policy and representative functions.

Separation of powers- the principle of the rule of law and the republican structure, according to which the state power to protect it from monopolization is divided into legislative, executive and judicial. Guaranteed by a system of "checks and balances".

Revolution- a type of social change initiated by the population and changing all aspects of social relations. Opposite to reform, evolution. There are political revolutions, scientific and technical (NTR).

The revolution is political- the change of state power, carried out mainly by force.

Republic- a form of government characterized by the election of state authorities and democracy. The people are recognized as the source of power.

Reform- a type of social change initiated by the state and changing one type of social relations. Opposite revolution.

Secular state- not an ecclesiastical state, in which the church is separated from education, there is no official state religion. The Russian Federation, according to the Constitution (Article 13), is a secular state.

Separatism- the desire of a part (subject) of the federation, the territory of the country to secede from the state, to create its own independent state.

mixed republic- a type of republican form of government, characterized by the mutual responsibility of the Government between the President and Parliament (for example, in the Russian Federation).

Council of the Federation- the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Each constituent entity of the Russian Federation is represented in the Federation Council by two deputies. Approves federal laws.

Socialism- a transitional stage in the development of human society from capitalism to communism in the formation theory of K. Marx. The Society for Equal Opportunity is often used as a synonym for communism.

welfare state- a state that sets the task of maximum care for the well-being of the population. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7), Russia is a social state.

The subject of the Russian Federation- part of the territory of the Russian Federation with limited sovereignty, laws, legislative and executive authorities, taxes

Sovereignty(independence) - the main feature of the state, the monopoly right of the state to legislate on its territory and represent the interests of the country's population abroad.

Terrorism- a global problem of mankind, political extremist practice, which consists in carrying out terrorist attacks against state structures and the population.

Totalitarianism- a political regime striving for complete (total) control of all spheres of society, reducing social initiative to zero (the Stalinist regime of the 1930s, fascist Italy and Japan, Nazi Germany).

Federalism- recognition of the integrity and indivisibility of the territory of the federation with a guarantee of national autonomy, one of the foundations of the constitutional order and national policy of the Russian Federation.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation- the highest body of legislative power in the Russian Federation, a bicameral parliament.

State shape- there is a certain way of organizing state power, expressed in the form of government, the form of government and the state regime

Form of government - the order of formation and structure of the highest bodies of state power, the distribution of powers between them, as well as their interaction with each other

Charisma- a set of personal qualities of a politician (oratorical, military leadership talents, the ability to political intrigue), which endows his population and which allow him to come to power and keep it. In the theory of legitimacy by M. Weber, one of its types.

Extremism- a way of solving political problems by force, used by political parties, groups.

Political vocabulary

Power - the right and opportunity to dispose of someone, something, to subordinate one's will.

Civil society - this is a set of non-state public relations and associations that express the various interests and needs of members of society, while the personality and organizations of citizens are protected by laws from direct interference by state power.

Citizenship - a stable political and legal relationship between a person and the state, which implies certain rights, duties and responsibilities.

Constitution - the fundamental law of the state, a normative act that has the highest legal force, defining the foundations of the state system, the organization of state power, the relationship of the state with citizens. (adopted by popular referendum on December 12, 1993 )

Politics - the sphere of relations between social groups in the implementation of common interests with the help of political power.

Political power - the ability and ability to pursue a certain policy, using political parties, organizations, the state.

Political life - various forms of interaction between policy participants related to the struggle for power, the development and adoption of government decisions.

State - an organization of political power that manages society and has sovereignty.

Form of government It is a way of organizing the supreme state power.

Types of forms of government:

Monarchy ( shipped monarchia - autocracy, autocracy):

absolute ( Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia);

dualistic (Jordan, Morocco, Nepal);

parliamentary (Great Britain, Norway, Sweden).

Republic ( from lat. res-publica - public matter, state):

presidential (Argentina, Brazil, USA);

semi-presidential (mixed) (Austria, Russia, France);

parliamentary (Germany, India, Italy, Switzerland).

Form of state-territorial structure - this is a way of interconnection of the territorial entities of the state, enshrined in the constitution.

unitary state - state form. a device in which its parts are administrative-territorial units do not have the status of a state entity (Japan, Ukraine, Poland

Federation - state form. device, in which the territorial parts are state. formations-subjects of the federation (Russia, Germany, USA, Mexico)

Confederation - state form. devices, voluntary association of independent countries or republics that retain sovereignty (European Union, CIS, USA until 1865

Typology of political regimes - the way the political system works. System of methods for exercising power

Democracy - a political regime that gives citizens the right to participate in political decision-making and elect their representatives to government bodies.

(a political regime in which the people are the source of power)

Principles:

Democracy

Majority principle , the will of the majority is revealed through elections and a referendum

Respect for minority rights - the right of a minority to oppose

Parliamentarism - Mrs. power in which the leading role belongs to the people's representation - parliament

Political pluralism (diversity) multi-party system, diversity of political ideas, media, etc.

Publicity – openness of the activities of political institutions, accessibility of information, freedom of speechConstitutional state which is based on the rule of law and the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens

Monopoly on the power of one group, one party;

The leader is the national leader;

The role of representative bodies is insignificant;

Political opposition is allowed but strictly controlled by states

Using the military to maintain power;

Rights and freedoms are declared, but in practice they are often violated;

The freedom of economic activity is maintained;

Power is based on the army and the church, traditions are supported.

Totalitarianism Total state control;

Mutual surveillance and denunciation;

The special role of the ruling party headed by the leader;

There is no opposition;

Power is completely uncontrolled by society;

The official ideology of one party;

Mass terror and repression.

Democracy and its forms

Direct (immediate)

Power is exercised by the people themselves without political intermediaries.

Elections based on universal suffrage

referenda

Gatherings and meetings of citizens

Appeals of citizens to the authorities

Rallies, demonstrations

representative

The exercise of power by representatives of the people - deputies

It is obligatory to have a representative legislative body - PARLIAMENT

The process of representative democracy involves professional politiciansiki

State functions

1. Internal :

Economic

Social protection

Taxation

Protective (law and order)

2. External : defense, economic cooperation, etc..

State signs

1. Territory

2. Public authority

3. System of law

4. Sovereignty of power (supremacy and independence)

5.Exclusive right to collect taxes

6.United monetary system

CONSTITUTIONAL STATE- this is a type of state whose activities are really limitedlaw, there is a separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial), a guarantee of the rights and freedoms of the individual and control over power by society

Signs of the rule of law

Rule of law in society

Subordination to the law of all citizens and the state itself, its bodies and officials

Human rights, their protection and guarantee

Human rights express his freedom, but it cannot be absolute.

The principle of separation of state powers

The principle of mutual responsibility of the state and the individual (responsibility of the government to representative bodies, legal responsibility of state persons before the law, impeachment)

THE CONSIGNMENT (parties, pars- part, group) - a group of like-minded people united in a political organization in order to express and protect the interests of a certain social group of society

political goal PARTS

Commonality of ideology

Expression of interests of certain social groups

The struggle for the conquest of political power - claims to power and participation in power - the most important sign of the party

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS - solidarity (joint) activity of citizens aimed at achieving any significant political goal

political goal MOVEMENTS

No common ideology

They do not set goals for coming to power

base bulk

After reaching the goal, they can disintegrate, or they can turn into a party

Party classification Those in power

Rights

Fascists

Monarchists

Clerical (associated with religious morality(

Left

Social Democrats

Communists

Anarchists

Center

liberals

Pro-government parties

Elections - the procedure for electing someone by voting.

Referendum - the solution of the most important issues of public and state life by direct voting of voters.

The electoral process is a set of actions in the electoral process

Elections : Universal Equal Secret Direct

Active suffrage

The right of citizens to participate in the political life of the country

All citizens over the age of 18 participate.

Passive suffrage

The right of a citizen to be elected to the representative bodies of the state

Electorate From lat. Elector- voter

Absenteeism - election evasion

1. Lobbyism (lobby )= pressure groups;

2. Lobbying - the process of promoting the interests of individuals, corporate structures in order to achieve a favorable political decision for them

Election system

proportional system - party list voting. Voters come to vote and are presented with several lists compiled according to the party affiliation of the candidates. The voter marks the list of the party with which he sympathizes. When counting votes, parties receive a number of seats in parliament proportional to the number of votes cast for these parties (in Russia - if the parties have passed the 7% barrier).

Majoritarian system involves such a determination of the results of voting, in which the elected candidate is considered to have received a majority (absolute or relative) of votes in this constituency; at the same time, constituencies are single-mandate, i.e. only one deputy or deputies from only one list can be elected on them.

Conditions under which a citizen of the Russian Federation does not have the right to elect and be elected

Recognition of him as legally incompetent;

being in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict.

Impeachment This is a procedure for the deprivation of authority of senior officials who have committed a gross violation of the law.

economic English.

Hegemony(Greek ηγεμονία, “leadership, management, leadership”) - primacy, superiority in strength, influence. Historically, the term was used to denote the supremacy of the most powerful city-state from the union of Greek policies.

To be honest, I am not a political person, but the current situation in the economic and political sector of Russia leaves much to be desired. Let's see what Western political scientists think about financial and political forecasts. Is it all so sad? Let's analyze the news and the opinion of political scientist George Friedman (George Friedman) about the forecasts in Russia, Ukraine and our relations with the West. Here I will help you with economic and political terms and expressions from an article in English, which is quite easy to understand (Intermediate Level). I will also insert some interesting remarks about Mr. Friedman's Russia. Also, please see my post.

economic expectations - economic expectations

foremost - the most important, outstanding

plunge of the ruble - a sharp drop in the ruble

decline in oil prices - decrease in oil prices

general slowdown - general slowdown

effect of Western Sanctions - the effect of Western sanctions

decline in the ruble - decline of the ruble

real impact - real impact

inflation - inflation

bluff - bluff

pivot of the conversation - the main topic of the conversation

policy towards Ukraine - policy towards Ukraine

Russians' strength is that they can endure things that would break other nations.- The strength of the Russians is that they can withstand things that would break other nations.

Interesting idea.

harsh - hard

seizing the assets of Western companies- seizing the assets of Western companies

curtailing agricultural imports- reduction of agricultural imports

cut off natural gas - cut off gas supply

increased sanctions -increasing sanctions

oil price drops - decrease in oil prices

Economic downturns - economic downturn

Opinion:

Russians don't respond to economic pressure as Westerners do- Russians do not respond to economic pressures in the same way as the West.

An interesting note.

propaganda campaign - propaganda activity

invasion - invasion

assertion - statement, statement

high degree of autonomy. - high degree of autonomy

Redrawn map of Serbia - a redrawn map of Serbia

necessary strategic buffer - necessary strategic buffer zone

significant threat - significant threat

pursuing a single objective - pursuing a single goal

military weakness - military weakness

political disunity .-political differences

to impinge - encroach, encroach

Geopolitical - geopolitical

Immediate issue - an urgent issue

Attempt to embarrass the president- an attempt to embarrass the president

cope with the existing sanctions- deal with existing sanctions

endure economic problems - endure economic problems

affirm significance - affirm significance

Curious wording:

But obviously, nothing is more dangerous than wounding a bear. Killing him is better, but killing Russia has not proved easy.

But, obviously, there is nothing more dangerous than hurting a bear. Killing him is better, but as it turned out, not so easy.

fundamental strategic importance- fundamental strategic importance

rising power - power increase

I will also give an excerpt from the article and translate it. Either way, stay positive and look ahead.

The United States and Europe have trouble understanding Russia's fears. Russia has trouble understanding particularly American fears. The fears of both are real and legitimate. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries but of incompatible imperatives. All of the good will in the world - and there is precious little of that - cannot solve the problem of two major countries that are compelled to protect their interests and in doing so must make the other feel threatened. I learned much in my visit. I did not learn how to solve this problem, save that at the very least each must understand the fears of the other, even if they can’t calm them.

Europe and the US have some difficulty understanding Russia's concerns. Russia has big problems understanding American fears. Fears are equally real and justified. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries, but a matter of mismatched political ambitions. All the goodwill in the world, and there is precious little of it, cannot solve the problem of two huge mammoths who are forced to protect their interests and thus feel threatened by each other. I learned so much during my visit to Moscow. But I still don't understand how to solve the problem. The only thing left clear is that each country must understand the other's fears, even if they cannot assuage them.

P.S Anti-whining everyone and have a great day!

Department of History and Political Science

BRIEF GLOSSARY OF POLITICAL TERMS

Krasnodar, 2005

The dictionary contains a brief description of the terms, concepts, concepts, phenomena of a socio-political and socio-economic nature, often found in the media. When compiling, dictionaries published in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, materials from the World Wide Web were used.

The dictionary is intended for high school students, lyceums, vocational schools, technical schools, students of higher educational institutions.

Compiled by: Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor E.M. Kharitonov,

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor A.A. Ashkhamakhova,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, V.A. Simonenko

Managing editor: Doctor of Sociology,

Professor E.M. Kharitonov

BUT
ABOLITIONISM(lat. abolitio - cancellation, destruction) - a social movement of supporters of the abolition of any law. Most often, the term "abolitionism" was applied to the social movement for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery of blacks (mainly in the United States), which arose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

ABROGATION(lat. Abrogatio) - the abolition of an obsolete law, either because it is useless, or if it is contrary to the spirit and rights of the time. A. is declared a new law. There are: actually abrogation - the complete replacement of the old law with a new one; derogation - partial abolition of the old law; abrogation - making the necessary changes to the old law and subrogation - the addition of the old law.
ABSENTEEISM(lat. absentis - absent) - one of the forms of conscious boycott of elections by voters, refusal to participate in them; passive protest against the existing form of government, political regime, manifestation of indifference to the exercise of their rights and obligations. In a broader sense, the fact of the indifferent attitude of the population to political life, the philistine idea of ​​​​individuals that nothing depends on them in politics, politics is “not my business”, etc.
ABSOLUTISM(from lat. absolutus - unlimited, unconditional) - absolute, unlimited monarchy, autocratic power, a form of government in which the supreme power (legislative, executive, judicial) belongs to one person indefinitely - the monarch.
ADVENTURISMPOLITICAL(fr. avanture - adventure, risk) - the activity of political leaders, individuals, parties, movements, state and other institutions, which is based on the lack of real knowledge about the objective political situation, the absolutization of one's capabilities and abilities, an ill-conceived, unreasonable action.
AUTARKY(from the Greek. autarkeia - self-satisfaction) - the policy of economic and cultural isolation of the country, the desire to create a closed economy, based solely on its own strength.
AUTOCRACY(Greek autokrateia - autocratic) - a form of government with uncontrolled power of one person, autocracy.
AUTONOMY(Greek autonomia - self-government, independence) - internal self-government of a political-national entity within a single state.

AUTHORITARISM(from Latin auctoritas - power, influence) - a political regime in which political power is exercised by a specific person (class, party, elite group) with minimal participation of the people, dictatorial methods of management.

AUTOCHTHONIC NATIONS(gr. autos himself + chthon land) - the original, original population of the country, formed within the territory of this state

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION(Latin agens - active ) - social institutions and factors (family, educational institutions, church, media, public and political institutions, processes of social and political life, etc.) involved in the process of socialization of the individual.

AGITATION (lat. agitatio - setting in motion) - oral, printed, visual political activity that affects the consciousness and mood of the masses in order to encourage them to be active. As means of agitation - rallies, publications, speeches, posters, stands, etc.

AGGREGATION- the technology of coordinating various micro-group positions within the framework of developing common political requirements of a particular group

AGGRESSION(lat. agregsio - attack) - illegal, from the point of view of international law, the use of force by one or more states against the political independence and sovereignty of any state or people in order to seize territory, change the political or social system.
ADAPTATION(cf. - century lat. adaptatio - adaptation) - 1) adaptation of existing domestic legal norms to new international obligations of the state without making any changes to its legislation. 2) (from Latin adaptare - to adapt) - the process of interaction of an individual (group) with the social environment, during which the dominant norms and values ​​of a given society, class, group are assimilated, and the environment is also changed in accordance with the new conditions and goals of activity, e.g. in connection with industrialization, urbanization, scientific and technological revolution. 3) Adaptation of political mechanisms (institutions of power, political parties, state systems) to the changing conditions of their existence.

ACCULTURATION – education, development)- the process of acquisition by one people of certain forms of culture of another people, which occurs as a result of communication between these peoples; development by the subject of new values ​​and ideas.

POLITICAL ACTIVITY - active expression of the interests of an individual, group, party, social movement in the sphere of power relations.
DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES in politics - new political, social ideas and social movements, which are an attempt to go beyond the traditional ideas about the problems and conflicts that arose at the end of the 20th century.
ALLIANCE ( fr. alliance) - an alliance, an association of states, political parties, individuals on the basis of contractual obligations to achieve common goals.
ANARCHISM(Greek anarchia - anarchy, anarchy) - a set of heterogeneous political currents, a characteristic feature of which is the denial of any state power. Anarchists have a negative attitude towards political means of struggle - parties, organizations, since their activities are concentrated around the problems of influencing state power or its conquest.
ANNEXATION(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forcible and illegal annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space that is in common use by the international community. It acts as part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (for example, the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany).

ANOMIE (gr. anomie - lack of law, organization) - a state of society characterized by the collapse of leading values ​​and attitudes, the disappearance of normative standards of behavior, widely shared judgments and, as a result, the growth of deviant behavior (including radicalism and extremism in politics). The term was introduced by E. Durkheim, who considered anomie the result of modernization and industrialization that destroyed the traditional society that supported its system of social roles, connections, norms and values.

ANTAGONISM(gr. antagonisma - struggle) - a form of contradiction, characterized by the irreconcilability of opposing forces, public interests.

ANTISEMITISM - one of the forms of national and religious intolerance, expressed in a hostile attitude towards Jews.

APARTHEID (Afrikaans apartheid - separation) - a policy of restriction or deprivation of political, civil, socio-economic and other rights of any group of the population; the policy of racial discrimination pursued by the South African authorities until 1993-1994.

APOLITISM - indifference to politics and participation in public life.
STATE APPARATUS - a set of institutions, organizations, their employees, providing services to the public administration at all levels. Allocate the central, federal apparatus and the apparatus of the subjects of the federation. There are apparatuses of non-state bodies for managing social and political life: apparatuses of political parties, public organizations and movements, as well as local governments.
ARISTOCRACY(from the Greek aristos - the best and kratos - power) - the form of government in the state and the social stratum exercising power in it. In antiquity, the rule of the aristocracy was considered the best as the power of worthy, competent people (scientists, philosophers, etc.). The aristocratic republic existed in ancient Sparta, medieval Genoa, Venice, Pskov, Novgorod.
ARTICULATION- the process in which social objects are aware of their needs, transform them into certain social claims; technology for transforming feelings of protest into a clear subjective form of expressing interests
ARCHETYPE(gr. arche - beginning, typos - image) - standards and stereotypes of group thinking that are uncritically perceived by a person.
ATTITUDE(French attitude-position, relation) - a sharp, qualitative change in the worldview attitudes of society and the individual as a result of a polyvalent reformation in the socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral systems of society.

B
BALANCE OF POLITICAL FORCES(fr. Balance - scales) - a system of indicators that characterize the ratio or balancing of political forces in the rapidly changing political life of society and the state

RUN(French ballotter - initially to decide something by voting by lowering balls-points into the urn) - to stand, to stand as a candidate for elections, to act as a candidate for any elective position.
BANKRUPTCY POLITICAL - failure of power, state, political party, politician, inability to fulfill promises made to supporters and voters.
BEHAVIORISM (English) behavior - behavior) - one of the leading trends in American psychology of the late XIX - early XX centuries, the science of behavior. Behaviorism is based on the understanding of human behavior as a set of motor and verbal reactions to the influence of the external environment.
BLANQISM- a political trend associated with the name of the French utopian Louis Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881), a supporter of conspiratorial tactics in the revolutionary movement; in a broad sense - conspiratorial tactics (and the theory corresponding to it) in the activities of any party, movement.
NEAR (NEW) ABROAD- former members (republics) of the USSR, now sovereign states (sometimes used in relation to all former socialist countries).
BOYCOTT(eng. boycott) -1) the reception of political and economic struggle, consisting in the refusal to maintain relations with an individual, organization, state in order to compel to satisfy economic and political demands; 2) refusal to perform their functions for the same purposes; 3) termination of relations in protest.
THE FIGHT IS POLITICAL- the state of opposing the interests of political subjects in order to achieve certain political results.
BUDDHISM – one of the world's religions, which arose in the VI century. BC. in India. Distributed in China, Japan, Burma and other countries of the East. The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama (623-544 BC), who, according to legend, came from the royal family of the Shakya tribe in Northern India. Main directions: Hinayana and Mahayana. At the center of Buddhism is the doctrine of the “4 Noble Truths”: there is suffering, its cause, the state of liberation and the path to it.
BUREAUCRACY(French bureau - bureau, office and Greek kratos - power; lit. - dominance of the office) - 1) a privileged caste of officials united by a common corporate interest; 2) the type of organization, which is characterized by a clear management hierarchy, strict rules and standards of activity, a specialized distribution of labor.
AT
VASSALITY(French vassalite) - in Western Europe in the Middle Ages - a system of relations of personal dependence of some feudal lords (vassals) on others (seigneurs). A vassal state is a state dependent on another, stronger state (suzerain).
WAHHABITS- followers of one of the currents in Islam, which arose in the XVIII century. in Central Arabia. They demanded a return to original Islam, to abandon luxury, songs, dances, the use of wine and tobacco, fought against rich feudal lords. At the beginning of the 20th century formed the state of Saudi Arabia.
WESTERNIZATION(from English west - west) mechanical copying of Western experience.
VETO(from lat. veto - to prohibit) - 1) prohibition; the refusal of the head of state to sign and enact the bill adopted parliament; 2) lack of unanimity, preventing the adoption of any decision.
POWER- a form of organization of social relations in which one element of these relations is able to influence the behavior of another with the help of authority, law or violence. Political power is associated with the ability of individuals, groups and their organizations to realize their interests and will with the help of means of political and state management and control.
POWERPOLITICAL- the central concept of becoming political science as a branch of knowledge, an academic discipline.
FOREIGN POLICY - a policy that regulates the relationship between states and peoples in the international arena.
DOMESTIC POLICY- the activity of the state, its institutions, aimed at maintaining or reforming the existing socio-political system.
LEADERSHIP- a political concept based on the recognition of the decisive role of a political person, endowed with the rights of the highest judge, the arbiter of human destinies.
WAR- one of the types of armed conflicts, organized armed struggle between states, nations, social groups. The continuation of politics by violent means. Theater of War (TVD).
WAR CIVIL- the phase of the development of political contradictions, the political process within a particular state, which is characterized by an organized armed struggle for power between various social forces and groups of people. The causes of the civil war should be sought in the social crises of society and the state, which can cover all the main spheres of people's life.
WARRELIGIOUS- An armed conflict occurring for various reasons under the banner of protecting religious ideas.
VOLUNTARISM(from lat. voluntas - will) - 1) a policy implemented depending on the arbitrary decisions of political leaders, not taking into account the objective conditions of public life; 2) a philosophical concept that elevates the will of the individual into a decisive factor in the development of the world.
POLITICAL WILL- the activity side of political consciousness, which ensures the transformation of ideas into actions.
POLITICAL EDUCATION - influence on the political consciousness of the population (individual, group, class, people) in order to form a political culture that is adequate to the interests of the political elite.
VOTE(lat. votum) - an opinion or resolution expressed or adopted by a majority vote of voters or members of a body of representative power.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - an official international document adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Proclaims individual rights, civil and political rights and freedoms (equality of all before the law, the right of everyone to liberty and security of person, freedom of conscience, etc.), as well as socio-economic rights (for work, social security, recreation, etc.).
ELECTIONS- the most important component of modern politics, they are a way of forming authorities and management through the expression of the political will of citizens in accordance with electoral system.

G
GEGEMONIA(from the Greek. hegemonfa - domination) - the dominant position of any political force in relation to another political force.
GENOCIDE(from Greek genos - genus and lat. caedere - to kill; lit. - destruction of the genus) - actions committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such, the most serious criminal offense.
GEOPOLITICS- a concept that characterizes the theory and practice of international relations based on the interconnection of geographical, geostrategic, socio-political, military, demographic, economic and other factors.
COAT OF ARMS- emblem, symbol noble family, city, individual, etc. The state coat of arms is the official emblem of the state, placed on letterheads, seals, banknotes, coins, official documents, sometimes on the state flag.
GERONTOCRACY(from the Greek geron - old man and kratos - power) - the predominance of the elderly in the ruling elite, the principle of governance, in which power belongs to the oldest.
HYMN(Greek hymnos - a solemn song) - a poetic and musical work glorifying the fatherland, the state, the most important historical events, national heroes.
HEAD OF STATE- an official occupying the highest place in the system of state bodies, ensuring the unity, stability of state power, personifying the state in domestic and foreign policy.
GLOBAL PROBLEMS of modernity (lat. globus - ball) are the main, key problems on the solution of which the very existence, preservation and development of civilization depends. These problems include: the growth of weapons, the unreasonable waste of natural resources, disease, hunger, poverty, etc.
HUNGER STRIKE- Refusal of food in protest against the actions of the authorities or in support of the requirements to them; one of the forms of struggle between prisoners and strikers.
STATE- the main institution of the political system that manages society; a set of organizations and institutions exercising power functions within a certain territory, determining the basis of economic, political and other relations.
STATENATIONAL- one of the most important principles of the organization of modern statehood, which arose as a result of the collapse of traditional social ties and a sharp increase in the mobility of the population in the process of developing commodity-capitalist relations.
STATE POLICE - a term indicating the type of state and characterizing the political regime in it. As a rule, a police state is an implementation of one of the “strong state” paradigms.
STATE LEGAL - this is a form of organization and activity of state power, in which the state itself, all social communities, an individual respect the law and are in the same attitude towards it. Law acts as a way of interconnection between the state, society and the individual.
STATE SOCIAL- is a form of organization of state power, which is characterized by concern for the well-being of citizens, the creation of decent living conditions, equal opportunities for the realization of their talents and abilities, and a favorable living environment.
CIVIL SOCIETY- a social structure in which a mixed economy, the rule of law, the democracy of the political system, the operation of moral norms provide each citizen with a free choice of forms of economic and political activity. G. o. creates a self-regulating political system, where the state exists for a person, to meet his interests and needs.
CIVIL CONSENT - the presence of consensus, unanimity, coherence between the various social forces of civil society (or most of them) on the cardinal problems of public life, which leads to coordinated actions of citizens to resolve them
PRESSURE GROUPS- a peculiar element of the civil-political structure of society, representing people specially selected and trained to exert influence (pressure) on government decision-makers.
INTEREST GROUPS - these are voluntary organizations that express and represent the interests (political, economic, cultural, religious, leisure, etc.) of their members in relations with political institutions and organizations, as well as with other groups. Interest groups do not participate in elections, do not seek to participate in power.
HUMANISM(from lat. humanus - human) - originally a social and cultural movement of the Renaissance; a worldview based on the recognition of the dignity and freedom of the individual, his right to life, all-round development, the humanity of social relations, concern for the welfare of people.
D
MOVEMENT POLITICAL- form, mode of existence of politics.
DEBATE(fr. debats) - debate, discussion, exchange of views at any meeting, meeting. Parliamentary debates are an officially established procedure for the exchange of opinions between deputies on issues of legislation or government activities.
DISINFORMATION- dissemination of distorted or deliberately false information to achieve propaganda or other goals.
DEIDEOLOGIZATION- 1) the direction of political thought, suggesting an exception ideologies as a system of ideas and values ​​from the life of society and its constituent institutions; 2) activities aimed at eliminating ideological influence on the work of state or public structures.
DECLARATION(from Latin declaratio - announcement, proclamation) - a political statement on behalf of the state, government, party, organization.
DEMAGOGY(Greek demagogfa) - influence on people with flattery, false promises to achieve selfish goals.
DEMILITARIZATION- disarmament; the prohibition of any state to build fortifications, have a military industry and maintain armed forces.
DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY - state or regional policy that stimulates or inhibits the growth of the country's population.
DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM - the guiding principle of the organizational structure of the communist and workers' parties. It denotes the election of governing bodies from top to bottom, their periodic reporting to their party organizations and higher bodies, the subordination of the minority to the majority, etc. It was the basis for the organization of the state apparatus of the former socialist countries.
DEMOCRACY(Greek demos - people and kratos - power) - democracy in the state, a political regime in which methods and forms of participation of the people in government are established and implemented in practice; the freedoms and equality of citizens enshrined in the laws.
FORMAL DEMOCRACY- a form of state-political structure, when all the principles of democracy are formally present, while the fullness of power (means of production and political power) remains with a certain class (feudal democracy, proletarian democracy, etc.).
DEMONSTRATION(lat. demonstratio - showing) - a public display of something; a mass procession to express socio-political sentiments, protest, demands, solidarity.
DENATURALIZATION(lat. de ... - cancellation + naturalis - natural) - loss of the status of a citizen or subject of the corresponding state by a person.
DENATIONALIZATION(lat. de ...- cancellation + nationalization ) - the return by the state of nationalized property to the former owners.
DENUNCIATION(fr. denonciation, from lat. denuntiatio - notification) - in international law, the refusal of one of the parties to an international treaty from its execution; is carried out in the manner and within the time limits usually stipulated in the contract itself.
DEPORTATION(lat. deportatio) - exile, expulsion from the state. As a rule, it is applied to foreigners and stateless persons during their illegal stay in the territory of the state.
DEPUTY(lat . deputatus - sent) - a person elected to a legislative or other representative body.
DESPOTISM(gr. despot - sovereign) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power, lack of rights of subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others.
POLITICAL DESTABILIZATION - a process aimed at destroying the stability of the political system.
DIAGNOSTICS POLITICAL (gr. diagnostics - the ability to recognize) - the doctrine of political science methods and principles of knowledge of political phenomena and processes leading to a "diagnosis", a qualified assessment of the political situation. Political diagnostics is, firstly, an analysis of the state of the subjects and processes of politics, the identification of problems in their functioning of development trends. Secondly, it is a set of principles) and methods for establishing a political diagnosis, for studying political processes.
POLITICAL DIALOGUE(gr. dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a way of public expression of political views, opinions, assessments, styles of political thinking of subjects.
DIVERGENCE(lat. divergere - to detect discrepancy) - the growth of the quantitative and qualitative diversity of political systems, processes, cultures.
DICTATOR(lat. dictator) - a ruler with unlimited power, violating laws and exercising sole control of the state with the help of violence.
DICTATORSHIP(lat. dictatura) - unlimited power of one person, small group, class. Historical varieties of dictatorship: tyranny, despotism, Caesarism, fascism, National Socialism, dictatorship of the proletariat, authoritarianism, etc.
DYNASTY(gr. - dynasteia - power, domination) - a series of monarchs from the same family, replacing each other on the throne.
DISCRIMINATION (lat. discriminatio - distinction) - restriction or deprivation of rights on political, racial, religious, social grounds.
DISSIDENT(lat. dissidens - disagree) - a dissident person who does not agree with the dominant ideology.
DOGMATISM(from the Greek dogma) - a way of thinking that operates with unchanged concepts without taking into account new data from practice and science, specific conditions.
E
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT- Advisory body of the European Communities (1957). Parliament elects the president, a presidium of 12 people and 5 assistants to the president.
EUROPEAN COUNCIL- a consultative political organization uniting 21 states of Western Europe.
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY(UES)- the largest integration group, uniting 12 countries of Western Europe (1957).
POLITICAL UNITY- the state of society in which various social groups reach agreement on political issues.
W
STRIKE (STRIKING)- a means of struggle for the satisfaction of political and economic demands, which consists in an organized collective cessation of work.
LAW- a normative act adopted by the highest representative body of state power or by direct expression of the will of the people (referendum) and regulating the most important public relations. According to the significance of the norms contained in the law, they are divided into constitutional, organic and ordinary. The latter - for codification and current. In federal states, federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Federation can also be distinguished.
LEGISLATURE - one of the main types of state power, which, in unity with the executive and judicial, is the mechanism for the functioning of democracy.
BANNER- a cloth of a certain color, fixed on a staff and serving as an official symbol of the state, a sign of distinction of the state or belonging to any organization, as well as a symbol of military prowess (combat flag of the unit).

And
IDENTIFICATION(lat. identificare - to identify) - the subject's understanding of his belonging to a particular group community.
IDEOLOGY(gr. idea - thought) - a system of views, ideas and values ​​that express the attitude of social groups, movements and parties to reality; usually exists in the form of concepts, doctrines, teachings that serve as the basis for political action. Way of influence of political elites on public consciousness. In this case, the ideology can be unreflected by the broad masses.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM- a set of rules and techniques that regulate the process of formation of government bodies by voting during elections.
IMMIGRANTS(from lat. immigrans - moving in) - citizens of one state who permanently or for a long time settle in the territory of another state for political, religious and other reasons.
EMPIRE(lat. imperiura - having power, powerful) - originally the highest political power in ancient Rome; a state headed by a monarch who has the title of emperor. Over time, the concept of "empire" has changed somewhat. An empire is a large state formation that unites several countries and peoples around a single political center under the auspices of a universal idea of ​​a civilizational, religious, ideological, and sometimes economic nature. Empire is one of the first forms of state organization of society, which has not lost its relevance in the modern world.
IMPEACHMENT(English impeachment) - the procedure for bringing to responsibility or removal from office of the highest officials of the state.
INAUGURATION(lat. inauguratio - beginning) - a solemn act at the coronation or entry into a high public office.
INNOVATION(from lat. innovatio - renewal, change) - innovation, renewal.
POLITICAL INSTITUTE(from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) - a component of the political life of society, existing in the form of organizations, institutions, associations of citizens, endowed with special powers and performing special socio-political functions. The activities of the institutes are legalized and regulated by normative acts.
POLITICAL INTEGRATION(from Latin integratio - restoration, completion of the whole) - unification, merging of political forces within the framework of state or interstate structures, political institutions in order to achieve a certain political community, stability in the development of states and societies.
INTERNATIONALISM(6t lat. inter - between and natio - people) - 1) the concept of a supranational community of interests; 2) a policy based on the unification of the interests of states, nations, peoples or classes, social strata and groups.
ISLAM(Arabic letters - humility) - one of the world's religions. It arose in the 7th century. in Arabia under the significant influence of Christianity and Judaism. Founder - Prophet Muhammad. The doctrine of Islam is set forth in the Qur'an; Islam is spread mainly in the countries of the Middle and Near East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Islamism in politics is determined by such important principles for the Islamic religion as unconditional monotheism, absolute obedience to Allah, unquestioning submission of believers to the religious community and religious authorities, dividing all people into “true believers” and “infidels”. Already in early Islam, the doctrine of "war for faith" - jihad - appeared.

Among the currents of Islam that influence the policy of Islamic states and parties, one should single out the orthodox, liberal-reformist, radical extremist trends. The first is characterized by strict observance of the commandments of the Koran, the subordination of secular life to religious principles, but at the same time a tolerant attitude towards non-Muslims. The reformist wing seeks to separate secular power from the power of the clergy, to recognize the universal significance of human rights. Extremism is the most radical manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism.
EXECUTIVE POWER- one of the main types of state power and local self-government bodies, ensuring the implementation of newly adopted by the legislature in and other regulatory legal acts throughout the country or local territorial community of people.
ESTABLISHMENT(eng. establishment - influential circles, the top) - the ruling and privileged groups of society and the system of power subordinate to them.
To
ToAzual(lat. causalis from casus - case) - random, single, not generalizable.
Canton - 1) Federal unit (land) in Switzerland. 2) Small administrative-territorial unit in Belgium. 3) Constituency in France.
CART - BLANCHE(fr.carte blanche) - unlimited powers, complete freedom of action.
CATHOLICISM(gr. katholikos - universal) - one of the three main areas of Christianity (along with Orthodoxy and Protestantism), which took shape as a result of the split of Christian churches in the 11th century. Catholicism is widespread in Italy, Portugal, France, Belgium, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Latin American states. Relying on the same Creed as Orthodoxy, Catholicism added filioque to it (the origin of the holy spirit not only from God the Father, but also from the son). The sources of doctrine are the Holy Scriptures and the Holy Traditions. The organization of the Catholic Church is characterized by strict centralization and hierarchical character. The head is the Pope, whose residence is the Vatican. In addition, Catholicism contains dogmas about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, her bodily ascension, the infallibility of the pope, a sharp distinction between clergy and laity, celibacy.
CLASS(from lat. classis - category) - a large group of people. Relations between classes are built on the principle of difference in their relation to the means of production, enshrined in laws, their role in the social organization of labor, the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they dispose of.
CLERICALISM(from Latin clericalis - church) - a socio-political trend that requires strengthening the role of the church in the political and spiritual life of society.
COALITION(from lat. coalesce - to unite) - association, union, agreement of states, political parties, trade unions and other organizations to achieve common (political, economic, military) goals.
COMMUNISM(from lat. communis - common) - the common name for a number of socialist concepts. AT Marxism- a socio-economic formation that replaces capitalism and is based on public ownership of the means of production, socio-economic equality and the free development of individuals.
COMPROMISE(lat. compromissum) - 1) settlement of disagreements through mutual concessions; 2) a way to resolve political conflicts, achieved through an agreement between the opposing parties; provided that the subjects of the dispute are clearly defined, the limits of concessions are understood, and the results of the agreement reached are formalized.
COMPROMISE IN POLITICS(Latin compromissum - agreement) - a deliberately concluded political agreement between opposing political forces (parties, organizations, states) expressing the interests of various strata and groups of society.
CONVERGENCE(from lat. convergere - approach, converge) - a concept that justifies the convergence of societies with different social systems and their merger into a kind of "mixed society".
CONVERSION(lat. - transformation, change) - a policy of fundamental change in the military, militarization structure of society. Types: political, economic, educational, social, cultural, consumer, etc.

CONSENSUS(lat. consensus - consent, unanimity) - decision-making on the basis of voluntary compromises, mutual equality, recognition of the interests of each of the parties; the presence of unity of views and similar positions, expressed in unity of action; general agreement on controversial issues.
CONSERVATIVE PARTIES - political organizations on the right flank of the political spectrum, striving to preserve the traditional social order in the face of transformations occurring under the influence of industrialization and revolutionary movements.
CONSERVATISM(lat. conservate - preserve, protect, "take care of preservation) - a political ideology that advocates the preservation of the existing social order, primarily moral and legal relations embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property
CONSTITUTIONALISM- a form of government based on the subordination of the state and civil society to legal norms, as well as on the principle of separation of powers.
CONSTITUTION(from lat. constitutio - construction) - the fundamental law of the state, which has the highest legal force, fixes its political and economic system, establishes the principles of organization and activities of public authorities, administration, courts, fundamental rights, freedoms and duties of citizens.
COUNTER-REVOLUTION(fr. centre-revolution) - a political process, the reverse of the revolution.
Confederation (lat. Confoederatio-union, association) - 1) A form of interstate union, the basis of which is common political interests related to the coordination and implementation of joint actions of these states. 2) Union, association of any organizations, for example, the confederation of trade unions of Latin America. 3) A union of states that maintain an independent existence and unite only to coordinate some of their actions, usually foreign policy and military.
POLITICAL CONFLICT(from lat. conflictus - clash) - a sharp clash of differently directed political forces resulting from opposing political interests; way to resolve political conflicts.
CONFORMISM(lat. conformis - similar, similar) - passive acceptance of the existing order of things, prevailing opinions, etc.
CONFORMISM IN POLITICS(lit. conformis - similar, similar) - a way of political opportunism, which is characterized by passive acceptance of the existing order, the absence of one's own political positions, principles, "blind" imitation of any stereotypes of behavior that prevail in a given political system.
CONFRONTATION(from Latin con - against and frons - forehead, front) - confrontation, confrontation, opposition of socio-political systems, military-political unions, individual states, parties, socio-political movements, ideological concepts.
POLITICAL CONCEPT(lat. conceptio - understanding) - a form or level of political consciousness, in which a metaphysical justification is given for any process of political life.
CORRUPTION(lat. corruptio) - bribery, venality of public and political figures, officials, criminalization of the sphere of power and administration.
CRATOLOGY(gr. Kratos - power and logos - doctrine) - a science that studies numerous social phenomena associated with power, meaningful through public institutions of power.
POLITICAL CRISIS- this is the state of the political system of society, expressed in the deepening and aggravation of existing conflicts, in a sharp increase in political tension.
XENOPHOBIA(gr. xenos - alien + phobos - fear) - fear, hostility towards strangers.
CULT POLITICAL is an anthropological phenomenon of politics, expressed in the deification of political leaders. The political cult is not an exclusive feature of Eastern societies, but is found in all societies (including Western ones) and in all periods of their development.
CULTURE POLITICAL- an integral part of social culture, which includes ideas, values ​​and norms that determine the features of political institutions and processes of a given society, its political system.

L
LABILE(from lat. labilis) - unstable, weak, changeable.
LATENT(lat. latens - hidden) - hidden, outwardly not manifested.
LEGALITY(from lat. legalis - legal, legal) - a way of legitimizing the political order, which is based on legal documents and social norms.
LEGITIMACY OF POLITICAL POWER(lot. legitimus - legal) - recognition by the people and political forces of the legitimacy, legitimacy of political power, its tools, mechanisms of activity, as well as the methods of its election.
LIBERALISM(from lat. liberalis - free) - 1) a doctrine based on the principle of complete freedom of the individual. Based on the concepts of private enterprise, competition, market, decentralized economic management; 2) worldview, based on the priority of individualism, tolerance, humanism, the enduring value of the individual; 3) political orientation associated with the concepts of the rule of law, human rights, parliamentarism, reformism.
LIBERAL PARTIES- political organizations occupying center-right positions on the political scale of modern states, defending the idea of ​​individual freedom as the most important component of their program settings.
LEADER(English leader - leading) - a person who is able to influence other people, organize their joint activities to achieve certain goals.
LOBBYING(from English lobby - sidelines) - pressure on legislators and government officials in order to adopt laws or decisions that meet the interests of individual parties, corporations, movements, organizations, individuals. It is carried out by lobbyists - representatives of interested parties.
LOCAL WAR- a war involving a relatively small number of states and a limited geographical area.
LOCKOUT(from the English. lock out - lock the door in front of someone, do not let out) - one of the ways to resolve a labor conflict, which consists in closing the enterprise by the owners and mass layoffs of workers.
M
majoritarian electoral system(fr. majoritaire from majorite - majority) - the procedure for determining the results of voting, in which the candidate who receives the most votes is considered elected
MACHIAVELISM - an image, a scheme of political behavior that disregards the norms of morality in order to achieve political goals. The term is associated with the name of the Italian politician and writer N. Machiavelli (1469-1527).
POLITICAL MANIPULATION(French manipulation - fraud) - a system of methods of psychological influence on the masses, which political authorities use to instill illusory ideas about political life into the minds of the people.
MARGINAL(lat. margo - edge) - 1) secondary, not main; 2) intermediate. A marginal person does not have his own system of values ​​and assessments, imitates someone else's, he is characterized by social anomie.
MARKETING POLITICAL (eng. marketing - market, sales) - a system of targeted influence on the consciousness and behavior of people, their associations and organizations, which allows them to form such interests and needs in conditions of political and civil liberties that are beneficial to the acting subject of political relations.
MARXISM- philosophical, economic and socio-political doctrine, created by Marx and Engels in the 40s. 19th century on the basis of new European rationalistic theories (the English political economy of Smith, Ricardo, and others, the French utopian socialism of Saint-Simon, Fourier, and others), as well as the German classical philosophy of Hegel and Feuerbach. The methodology of Marxism is close to structural-functional analysis. Three components are distinguished in Marxism: philosophy, political economy, and the doctrine of socialism (communism). Marxism is aimed at expressing and defending the interests of the proletariat and actually became the theoretical basis for the programs of social democratic and then communist parties throughout the world.
MAFIA (it.maf(f) ia) - a secret criminal organization operating by methods of blackmail, violence, murders. Originated on about. Sicily as an organized self-defense of the population. Sometimes the term Mafia refers to organized crime in general.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) - specialized agency of the United Nations. Created in 1919 under LeagueNations as the International Commission for the Development and Improvement of Working Conditions. Unites 150 states; headquarters is in Geneva.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONCII (INTERPOL). Created in 1923 for the joint fight against ordinary crimes. 154 states are members of Interpol; headquarters is in Paris.
INTERNATIONAL LAW- a set of legal norms and principles governing relations between states (includes maritime, air, space law, the law of armed conflicts, etc.).
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - a system of political, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, military, diplomatic relations between various subjects of international law.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - interaction and mutual influence of various socio-ethnic communities, during which relations between people of different nationalities are regulated.
MENTALITY (MENTALITY)(from lat. mentalis - mental) - 1) the direction of thoughts, mentality, mentality; 2) the way of thinking inherent in the individual, social group, political party, people; 3) a feature of the spiritual life.
MENTALITYPOLITICAL(fr. mentalite - mindset, attitude) - a single, syncretic form of awareness of the socio-political system, which is formed as a result of the comprehension of political experience by individual and collective political consciousness, i expresses the values ​​that are relevant to this political team.
MERITOCRACY(lat. - worthy and Greek - power; lit. - the power of the most gifted) - a theory proving that traditional democracy in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution develops into government, the exercise of power by the most talented, gifted people, qualified specialists.
MYTHS POLITICAL(Greek mythos - legend, fiction, fiction) - political consciousness, inadequately interpreting the real political system.
Multi-party system – 1) the presence in the country of several or many political parties that actually participate in the political process. The basis of the multi-party system is the constitutional principle of freedom of formation and activity of political parties. 2) the constitutional principle of organizing political life in democratic states; is an expression of a more general principle of political and ideological pluralism. According to the principle of a multi-party system, the state recognizes and guarantees the right of citizens to unite in political parties in accordance with their political views, the equality of all political parties before the law, and the freedom of their activities.
MODERNIZATION(French moderne - modern) - the desire of the state, the political system of society to bring less developed countries closer to the leaders. Modernization is carried out using the experience gained by advanced countries, with their technological, political and financial support.
MONARCHY(Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government in which the supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person - the monarch and is inherited. There are absolute (unlimited) and limited monarchies.
MONOPOLY POLITICAL(Greek monos - one and poleo - sell) - a form of political organization of society, political power, in which all control belongs to a single subject of politics.
H
PEOPLE- the most important category of political science, the content of which varies significantly depending on the interests and political positions of the defining subject. In a broad sense - the entire population of the state, the country.
NATIONALISM(lat. nation - nation, people) - an ideology based on the promotion of national exclusivity and national superiority, as well as a policy that implements a nationalist ideology.
NATIONAL POLICY- a comprehensively substantiated system of measures carried out by the state in the sphere of national relations, aimed at realizing national interests, resolving national contradictions.
NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS- a set of ideas, traditions and concepts of a nation or ethnic group that allows you to reproduce this community of people as a whole and classify each individual as a given social integrity.
NATIONALITY is a political and legal category denoting a set of characteristics formalized by law, the possession of which makes a person a full member of a nation state.
NATIONAL RELATIONS- these are relations between the subjects of national-ethnic development - nations, nationalities, national groups and their state formations.
NATIONAL QUESTION- the question of the relationship (economic, territorial, political, state-legal, cultural and linguistic) between nations, national groups and nationalities, the question of the causes of contradictions between them.
NATION(lat. nation - nation, people) - a stable community of people living in the same territory, having a common culture, language, self-consciousness, historically established in the process of development. It is characterized by economic community and a single, diversely manifesting system of political life, a complex ethno-psychological character. The nation has a special warehouse, style of thinking, mentality, self-esteem.
NEUTRALITY(German Netralitet; lat. Neuter - neither one nor the other) - the principle of the state's foreign policy activities, which implies its non-participation in armed conflicts, and in peacetime - refusal to participate in military alliances and blocs.
NEOCONSERVATISM- an ideology that combines the ideas of classical conservatism and liberalism: they are more tolerant of the state, recognize the need for its minimal intervention.
NEOLIBERALISM- a trend that arose on the basis of classical liberalism and was further developed in the 50-60s. XX century, recognizing that, along with the absolute value of private property, the rights and freedoms of citizens, one cannot deny the need to take into account public interests and state participation not only in the economy, but also in various social programs.
NOMENCLATURE- (lat. Nomenklatura - painting names). A set of names and terms used in any branch of knowledge, art and technical production; in administrative and managerial practice, a hierarchical system of positions located by levels of subordination.
NONCONFORMISM(fr. non conformisme) - rejection of the prevailing views and traditions in society. In politics - the rejection of the existing political system, the ongoing political course and the people who implement it.
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OBSTRUCTION(Latin obstructio - an obstacle, a hindrance) - a way of expressing protest, one of the methods of conducting a parliamentary struggle aimed at disrupting the discussion and adoption by the parliament of a bill that is unacceptable to the opposition group conducting the obstruction.
SOCIO-POLITICAL MOVEMENT- a voluntary, self-governing formation, created on the initiative of people from below, united on the basis of common interests for the implementation of common goals.
PUBLIC CONTRACT- the main regulator of public life, giving legitimacy to connections and institutions within civil society, as well as its relationship with the state. It involves an agreement between two or more parties that determines the exchange of rights and obligations, the procedure for their change and termination.
PUBLIC ORDER- a complex social system based on the relations characteristic of a given society in a particular historical period. The legal basis of the social system, as a rule, is the foundations of the constitutional system and the constitutional system itself.
OLIGARCHY(Greek Oligarhia - the power of the few) - a form of government in which the state apparatus is explicitly or covertly subordinate to a small group of people with dominant influence based on ownership of the means of production, finances, etc .; the dominant group itself.
OLIGOPOLY POLITICAL(Greek oligos - a few and poleo - I sell) - a form of power exercising in the interests of an insignificant, private group of people in the state in relation to the people.
OMBUDSMAN(Swedish ombudsman - representative of someone's interests) - a person authorized by parliament to exercise control over the observance of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens in the activities of executive authorities and officials. Ombudsman institutions exist in several dozen countries, with different names.
OPPOSITION(from Latin oppositio - opposition) - opposition of some views and actions to others; political leaders, parties, movements opposing the ruling elite; the denial of not power in general, any of its specific carriers or forms, expressed in open or hidden resistance, a counter movement towards power with the aim of replacing it or capturing it.
OPPORTUNISM(Latin opportunus - convenient, profitable) - opportunism, conciliation, unscrupulousness; policy of conciliation with ideological and political opponents.
UNITED NATIONS (UN)- an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary unification of the efforts of sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, as well as to develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by the member states of the founding San Francisco Conference of the UN.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION- a type of public organization created on the basis of the joint activity of people with the aim of realizing a political and imperious goal, political interests. Characterized by stable membership, structured, disciplined, the use of diverse means to achieve a common goal.
OSTRACISM(Greek ostrakimos from ostrakon - shard) - practiced by the state authorities from the country, in extreme cases, the physical destruction of prominent people, undermining their popularity, talent, wealth, influence, etc. the power of the existing state system.
ALIENATION- rejection from a person of the products of his activity.
OCHLOCRACY(from the Greek Ochlos - crowd, mob and kratos - power) - in letters. sense - the unbridled power of the crowd, the power of socio-political groups that use populist sentiments and orientations of the population in extremely primitive forms, which creates conditions for arbitrariness and unrest, rebellions, pogroms that encourage base aspirations, senseless destruction, reckless murders and arbitrariness, violation of all guarantees human life.
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PUBLIC RELATIONS(English Public relations - relations with the public) - the area of ​​​​action of various governmental and other organizations to achieve mutual understanding between them and the public. Public relations (hereinafter referred to as PR) is nothing more than the establishment of two-way communication to identify common ideas or common interests and achieve mutual understanding based on certain principles.
PARLIAMENT(French parler - to speak) - the highest representative and legislative body of the state, performing the functions of representing the main socio-political forces of the country, legislative activity.
PARTY SYSTEM- a set of parties (ruling and opposition) participating in the struggle for power and its implementation.
PARTY OF POWER(lat. Pars, parties - part) - a set of institutions, structures and associations grouped around the head of state, pursuing an official course, as well as participating in determining the goals and development strategy of the state, including its individual regions.