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Mongols is the combined name of several peoples (Daurs, Oirats, Bargas, Mongors, etc.), the bulk of which live on the territory of the Republic of Mongolia, some in China. They are often associated with fierce warriors, conquerors of vast territories. And besides this, Mongolian society was developed and had its own written language. How the descendants of nomads live today, and what traditions they still observe - in our material.
Where did the name "Mongols" come from?
Until now, the etymology of this word is a matter of debate, since there are several versions, each of which has some basis. The most popular of them is the word “Mongol”, which supposedly comes from “moŋg”, which translates as brave.There is an assumption that the name has an analogy with the Mang River (Mang-kol) or the Mang Rock (Mang-qun), located in the place where the tribes lived - nomads often chose clan or tribal names for themselves in this way. There are also assumptions about the formation of the name from Mengwu - the Shiwei tribe, in honor of the name of the ancestor of the Borzhigids - Mang-qoljin-qo "a.
Some scientists believe that “Mongol” consists of two bases, formed from the Turkic words “mengu” - endless, eternal and “kol” - army.
Mongolian way of life
Some of the tribes living in the territory of the Republic of Mongolia and northeast China united in the 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and laid the foundation for the Mongolian ethnic community. The lifestyle and spiritual culture of representatives of this nation are basically the same.
The Mongols are engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, raising cows, yaks, horses, sheep, goats, and camels. They give preference to those breeds that are able to provide everything necessary for cooking, arranging housing and making clothes.
The traditional food of the Mongols is meat, with lamb being a priority. The most common dish is lightly cooked meat with a sauce similar to a rich, thick broth.
Housewives also stock up on meat - they smoke it, dry it in the sun, and process it into flour. One of the favorite treats of the Mongols is also pies cooked on steam or in boiling fat. He also eats vegetable soups. A wide variety of dairy products is a distinctive feature of Mongolian cuisine (different types of cheeses, butter, cottage cheese, kumiss, milk vodka). On the tables you can see dishes made from wild grains, berries, and game.
Mongolian names and features of their origin
Mongolian names are distinctive, and each has special meanings. Many of them mean objects of the surrounding world, natural phenomena, human qualities. In ancient times, women's names personified beauty, kindness, meekness, while men's names represented courage, strength, and courage.Later they began to use names associated with the names of plants and flowers. This is especially true for female names - Sarnai (rose), Zambaga (magnolia), Saikhantsetseg (beautiful flower), Delbee (petal), Navchtsetseg (leaf flower) and others. Children were named depending on the day of the week on which they were born - Byam-batsetseg (Saturday-flower), Davaatsetseg (Monday-flower), or on individual qualities - Amartsetseg (Calm flower).
Mongol - the first emperor of the Chinese Yuan dynasty
There are many interesting and little-known facts in the history of the Mongols. For example, long before China attacked and conquered Mongolia, there was a period of time when China was in a conquered position. In the 13th century, this large nation was captured by the Mongol army led by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan. It was he who began to bear the title of the first emperor of the Chinese Yuan dynasty.
Ancient Mongols - talented mathematicians, astronomers and doctors
In ancient times, representatives of this nation created their own counting system, came up with names for numerals and fractions, and introduced names for measures of length, weight, area, volume and time. The Mongolian people created their own monetary units and left a legacy to their descendants of many complex riddles and logical problems, the solution of which requires a sharp mind and ingenuity.They also invented devices for performing mathematical operations - the Zurkhai board and the multiplication table. The Mongols were keenly interested in astronomy. They used mathematical knowledge to compile calendars, calculate the locations of astronomical objects, the length of day and night, and determine human age. There is an opinion that Mongolian nomads compiled an atlas in which all the celestial stars were collected into 28 constellations.
The Mongolian calendars are interesting - lunar, solar, sidereal. The years in them were named after animals; the year of the monkey was considered the most difficult, and the cycle included 12 years. For chronology, the ancient Mongols used special boards - a board with 7 holes displayed the week, with 12 holes - the year.
Until 1921, treatment of people and animals in Mongolia was carried out exclusively using traditional methods. Ancient historians claim that medicine originated here in the Middle Ages. Historical notes mention plants and decoctions that saved from pain and healed wounds. The most famous person in medicine is the doctor Danzap-zhantsan (XVII century). He was the founder of the first medical school and the author of several books.
Mongolian doctors knew the properties of all plants, their places of growth and methods of processing.
Shaking hands after stomping on a foot and other popular superstitions
Mongols are very superstitious people. In ancient times, signs and significant events were given special importance, and even now many take them seriously.A popular superstition says that if a person steps on another’s foot, he should immediately shake his hand. If you don't do this, you can become enemies for life.
Mongol horsemen always approach their horses exclusively from the left side, and mount them from here. This custom has become so entrenched among the people that even horses are all accustomed to it. If you approach a horse from the right, this causes an aggressive reaction from the animal and can be dangerous to human health and life.
One of the most important prohibitions in Mongolia is whistling indoors. People sincerely believe that such manipulations call evil spirits into the house, which bring troubles and misfortunes.
Bekh is the favorite sport of the Mongols
Mongolian wrestling (bekh) is the most popular sport in the republic. For many men, this is a significant part of life, as it symbolizes high status. If a boy is born into a family, the family prays to heaven for him to become a fighter. A purely male sport reflects strength, will, agility and ingenuity. Wrestlers dress in a special costume, an invariable part of which is an open shirt. There is an opinion that this style arose after one of the participants in the fights turned out to be a woman.
Mongolian peoples of Russia, Mongolian peoples of Dagestan
Total: more than 10 million
PRC PRC: 7.0 million
Mongolia Mongolia: 3.0 million
Russia Russia: 647,747 (2010)
- Buryatia Buryatia: 287,234 (2010)
- Kalmykia Kalmykia: 162,847 (2010)
- Irkutsk region Irkutsk region: 78,534 (2010)
- Trans-Baikal Territory Trans-Baikal Territory: 74,073 (2010)
Mongolian, Chinese, Russian
Buddhism, Islam, shamanism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Tengrism
Mongoloids
Mongolian
Mongolian peoples- a group of related peoples who speak Mongolian languages and are closely connected by a common centuries-old history, culture and traditions.
They inhabit the north of China, Mongolia and regions of the Russian Federation - the Republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia, the Irkutsk region and the Trans-Baikal Territory.
More than 10 million people consider themselves Mongols. Of these, 3 million are in Mongolia, 4 million are in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, up to 3 million are in Liaoning, Gansu, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and other regions of China.
The Mongolian peoples include: Khalkha-Mongols, Barguts, Buryats, Oirats (Kalmyks), as well as ethnic groups of the southern Mongols: Chahars, Khorchins, Kharachins, Arukhorchins, Tumets, Jalayts, Avgas, Avganars, Baarins, Chiptchins, Mu-myangats, Naimans, Aohans, Onnyuts, Durben-Khukhets, Urats, Gorlos, Ordosians, Khongirates, Jaruts, Uzumchins, Kheshigtens, Khuchits.
Linguistically speaking, the Mongolian group of peoples includes the Mongors (Tu), Daurs, Dongxiangs, and Bao'ans.
The Mughals and Hazaras in Afghanistan are of Mongolian origin, but have been Iranian-speaking Muslim peoples for several centuries. The Sogwo Arigs speak Tibetan.
- 1 Title
- 2 History
- 2.1 Khamag Mongol
- 2.2 Mongol Empire
- 2.3 Yuan Empire
- 2.4 Mongols during the period of the Lesser Khans
- 2.5 XVII-XIX centuries
- 2.6 XX century
- 3 See also
- 4 Notes
- 4.1 Footnotes
- 4.2 Sources
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
Name
A number of researchers (N. Ts. Munkuev) note that the ethnonym “Mongol” is first found in the Chinese sources “Jiu Tang shu” (“Old history of the Tang dynasty”, compiled in 945) in the form “meng-wu shi-wei” - “Shiwei Mongols”, and in “Xin Tang shu” (“New History of Tang”, compiled in 1045-1060) in the form “Meng-wa bu” - “Meng-wa tribe”. Various Khitan and Chinese sources of the 12th century also used the names Meng-ku, Menguli, Manguzi, Mengu Guo for these tribes: 238
“in the 12th century, the aristocratic family of Khabul Khan bore the name Borjigin and adopted the name Mongol after subjugating and uniting several neighboring clans and tribes, thus forming a single political whole, one clan-ulus; It was this ulus that was given the name Mongol in memory of the glorious name of some ancient and powerful people or clan"
Russian Mongolian expert B. Ya. Vladimirtsov
Perhaps the name of the Mangut clan (Mong. Mangud) was the ancient sound of the name “Mongols”.
Story
Proto-Mongol tribes who lived in Central Asia in the 2nd - 1st millennia BC. e., created the so-called culture of slab graves.
In 209 BC, King Mode founded the state of the Xiongnu (209 BC to 2nd century AD) on the Mongolian plateau. Mongolian scholars classify the Xiongnu as proto-Mongols. The proto-Mongol states of Xianbi (93-234), Northern Wei (386-534), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Kidan (907-1125) and Karakitai Khanate (1125-1218) existed until the 13th century.
For the first time, the ethnonym of the Mongols (men-gu, men-gu-li, men-wa) is found in the historical chronicles of the Tang era (7-10 centuries). Presumably, the original place of settlement of the proto-Mongol tribes was the interfluve of the Argun and Onon rivers, from where in the 8th century they migrated to the Three Rivers region (the basin of the Onon, Kerulen and Tuul rivers).:238
Khamag Mongol
In the 12th century, the state formation of the Mongols of the Three Rivers was formed - the Khamag Mongol ulus (“All Mongols”). The first ruler of the state was Khabul Khan, who, according to the “Secret History of the Mongols,” united 27 tribes of Nirun-Mongols (“Mongols proper”), the dominant position among which was occupied by the clans of the Khiad-Borjigins and Taijiuts: 238-239. In addition to these Mongols, there were tribes of Darlekin-Mongols (“Mongols in general”), which were not part of the Khamag Mongol association and roamed in the areas adjacent to the Three Rivers.
Mongol Empire
Main article: Mongol EmpireIn the 13th century, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan and two generations of his descendants, created the most significant empire of the era. At the same time, the tribal division was abolished and gave way to division according to tumens and types of troops. As a result, the ethnonyms of those Mongol tribes that played a significant role in the pre-imperial era (for example, Saljiut) were preserved on the outskirts of the empire, and after the collapse of the state, in addition to them, a number of new ones appeared, based on military affiliation (for example, Torgout Sharaid, Kubdut). A significant part of the Mongols consider themselves Borjigins - the descendants of Genghis Khan and his relatives.
Yuan Empire
At the end of the 13th century, Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai founded the Yuan dynasty with capitals in Beijing and Shangdu. After defeating his opponents among the Mongol nobility, he subjugated most of the territory of modern Mongolia.
A significant part of the Mongols made up the upper layer of the administration and internal troops of China, along with people from other non-Chinese peoples attracted by Kublai and his heirs. This gave rise to populations such as the Yunnan Mongols in Southern China.
In 1368, the Mongols, after internecine clashes among the Mongol nobility, were expelled from China to the north by the troops of Zhu Yuanzhang, who, having captured Beijing, proclaimed the Ming Dynasty.
Mongols during the period of the Lesser Khans
In the XIV-XVII centuries, the territory of Mongolia was divided among themselves by the Genghisids and Oirats - Western Mongols, who gradually created a strong Dzungar Khanate.
XVII-XIX centuries
In 1640, the last all-Mongolian congress took place, at which both Khalkha Mongols and Oirats (including Kalmyks) were present.
In the 1670-1690s, the Oirat leader Galdan-Boshogtu, the first in Dzungaria to proclaim himself a khan, successfully subjugated a number of cities on the Silk Road and made successful campaigns against Central Mongolia. The Chinggisid princes turned to their Manchu allies for help, who provided it on the condition that the Mongols accepted the citizenship of the Manchu emperor.
In the 17th century, the lands of the Mongol peoples and the peoples themselves fell under varying degrees of dependence on China and Russia. During the Qing Empire, the Mongols of Inner and Outer Mongolia had different rights and lost the possibility of free communication, which caused the formation of separate nationalities.
There are significant movements and a clear shift in identity. For example, Dagur farmers leave Transbaikalia for Manchuria, freeing up lands in the area of modern Aga for settlement by nomadic Buryats, who in turn seek to leave the territories ceded to China.
XX century
Borders of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century (orange) and the area of settlement of modern Mongols (red)In 1911, the independence of Outer Mongolia from the Manchurian Qing Empire was proclaimed, and after the revolutions in Russia, autonomous entities of the Mongolian peoples inhabiting it were formed within the RSFSR - the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923) and the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935). Autonomy was proclaimed for Inner Mongolia in the Republic of China, then (1936-1945) on part of its territory, with the help of Japanese militarists, during the war with China, the state of Mengjiang (“Mongolian borderlands”) was formed, led by the Borjigin prince Demchigdonrov, which ceased its existence after Japan's surrender in World War II. A significant part of the Mongol administration of Mengjiang fled to Taiwan and partly to Mongolia.
see also
- World Association of Mongols
- Mongolian name
- Mongolosphere
Notes
Footnotes
- 1 2 The first khan of the ulus Khamag Mongol ("All Mongols") in the valley of the Onon, Kerulen and Tuul rivers in the 12th century, the grandfather of Genghis Khan (Temuzhin).
Sources
- name="Mongolian">Population of China according to ethnic group 2010
- 1 2 3 4 5 including Buryats, Kalmyks and Mongols
- 1 2 3 4 5 All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
- Mongols // BRE. T.21. M., 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Genghisian: a body of evidence from contemporaries / Trans., comp. and comment. A. Melekhin. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 728 p. - ISBN 978-5-699-32049-3.
- History of Mongolia (2003) Volume 2
- N. Navaan, Bronze Age of Eastern Mongolia,
- History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
- Mongols - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Literature
- Steindorf L. Alien war: military campaigns of the Mongols in 1237-1242 in the chronicle of Thomas the Archdeacon of Split // Ancient Rus'. Questions mi. 2008. No. 4 (34). pp. 18-29
Links
- Photo catalog of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) RAS
- Maps with the proportion of peoples by county in China
| Mongolian tribes and peoples | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Mongols |
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| Historical |
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| Mongol peoples(Mongol. Mongol ugsaatan, Bur. Mongolshuud) | |
| Eastern Mongols |
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| Western Mongols (Oirats) |
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| Northern Mongols |
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| Southern Mongols |
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| Other Mongol peoples | |
| Bao'an · Yellow Uighurs · Daurs · Dongxiang · Sogwo-Arigi · Sichuan Mongols · Mughals · Mongors/Tu · Tsaatans | |
| Ethnicities of Mongolian origin who speak other languages | |
| Katso / Yunnan Mongols1 Iranian-speaking: Hazaras Teimuri Aimak Hazaras 1 ethnic groups living partially or completely in the PRC and united there under the name “Mongols of China”. | |
Topic: “Ethnic history of the peoples of Mongolia.”
1. Introduction.
2. The most important historical events on the territory of Mongolia.
4. Conclusion.
1. Introduction.
Mongolia is located in the north of Central Asia. Hundreds and thousands of kilometers of land separate it from the oceans and seas.
The border is with Russia in the north and China in the south. In configuration, the country's territory resembles an ellipse with the greatest length in latitude - about 2,400 kilometers, in longitude - over 1,250 km. The total area is 1,566 thousand km2, the population is about 1.7 million people.
For more than two centuries, Mongolia (late 17th – early 20th centuries) was under the Manchu-Chinese yoke. This country was one of the most backward parts of the planet. The disenfranchised population of Mongolia was on the verge of extinction. According to the 1918 census, the Mongol-speaking population in Mongolia numbered barely half a million people.
In 1921, with the help of Soviet Russia, Mongolia was freed from foreign dependence. In 1924, at the First Congress of the Great People's Khural, the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed. The country is divided into 18 aimaks (regions), consisting of administrative and economic units - somons, the total number of which exceeded hundreds.
During the existence of the USSR, which supported the development of Mongolia, the country developed as an agrarian-industrial one. Along with the development of cattle breeding, industry developed in the country and active construction was underway.
After the collapse of the USSR, the development of industry and construction in Mongolia slowed down.
2. The most important historical events.
Man populated the territory of present-day Mongolia no later than the Middle Paleolithic - approximately 100 thousand years ago.
Until the early Middle Ages, a continuity of archaeological cultures can be traced in Mongolia, ending in the 10th-11th centuries with the formation of the Mongolian ethnos with its specific economic and cultural appearance.
The Huns, Xianbei, Rourans, ancient Turks, Uighurs, and Khitans replaced, pushed aside, and partially assimilated each other in this territory.
The ethnicity of not all of them has been definitively established; only the Mongol-speaking nature of the Khitans is certain, but undoubtedly, they all contributed to the formation of the Mongolian people. The ethnonym “Mongol” in the form “Mengu”, “Menggu-li”, “Meng-wa” is first found in the Chinese historical chronicles of the Tang dynasties (VII – X centuries AD). This is how the Chinese called the groups of “barbarians” who roamed their northern borders, which obviously reflected their self-name.
By the end of the 12th century, several large alliances of Mongolian tribes roamed the vast area from the Great Wall of China to Southern Siberia and from the upper reaches of the Irtysh to the Amur: Taijnuts, Tatars, Kerents, Merkits, etc. In their social structure, they represented an early class society. At the beginning of the 12th century, most of them were voluntarily or by force united under their rule by Temujin, khan of the Borjigin clan of the Taijnut tribe. In 1206, the kurultai - a congress of khans of all Mongol tribes - recognized the supremacy of Temujin, proclaimed him great kagan and awarded him the title of Genghis Khan, by which he became known in history. The first centralized Mongol state arose.
The reforms undertaken by Genghis Khan (military-administrative, judicial, etc.) helped strengthen the central government, establish order and discipline, sharply increased the combat capability of the Mongolian army and brought Mongolia among the most powerful military powers in Central Asia of that period.
The unification of the Mongolian tribes and the formation of a centralized state could create conditions for the development of the economy, culture, and growth of productive forces.
However, a number of reasons prevented this: firstly, during the khan’s civil strife, which accompanied the process of centralization, nomadic cattle breeding, the basis of the economy, fell into decline, which pushed the united tribes to seize new herds and pastures from their neighbors to replace those that had become scarce; secondly, the entire healthy combat-ready male population of the country was mobilized into the army. Thus began the era of bloody aggressive campaigns of the Tatar-Mongols.
From the beginning of the 13th century until its last quarter, a devastating invasion took place in several waves, leading to the capture of many countries in Asia and Eastern Europe.
Genghis Khan, his sons and grandsons, having conquered the territories of other states, created an empire unheard of in its size at that time. It included Central Asia, Northern and Southern China, Afghanistan, Iran. The cities of Rus' and Korea were burned and tributed, and devastating campaigns were carried out against Hungary, Silesia, Moravia, and Poland. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, it took several centuries for life to return to normal in these countries. But for Mongolia itself, these campaigns played a disastrous role, ruining the economy, dispersing the population, and delaying its own cultural and economic development for centuries.
With the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the unity of the Mongol Empire became only nominal. It was divided into four uluses, which went to the four sons of Genghis Khan, each of whom quickly became an independent khanate.
Mongolia itself was alternately ruled by the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan - Ogedei, Guyuk, Mongke. A period of feudal fragmentation began, which lasted more than 300 years. By the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries, three large divisions that had ethnic stability could be distinguished on the territory of Mongolia. These are Northern Mongolia (now the Mongolian People's Republic) with the main population of the Khal Kha, Southern Mongolia (now the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia within China), which was inhabited by scattered groups of southern Mongols, and Western Mongolia - the Oirats who inhabited it in the 30s of the 17th century formed the Oirat, or Dzungar Khanate. Nowadays, one half of the former Western Mongolia is part of the Kobdo aimag of the Mongolian People's Republic, the other is part of the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. In the 30s of the 17th century, the Manchu Qing dynasty, ruling Northeast China, began to gradually take over Mongolian lands.
Repeated anti-Manchu uprisings shook the country. Only in 1811 was the independence of Outer Mongolia proclaimed, which, on the advice of Tsarist Russia, China, the USA, France, and England, turned into scant autonomy in accordance with the 1915 act signed by China and Russia.
And only in 1921 Mongolia began to act as an independent state.
3. Ethnic groups of Mongolia, their history and settlement.
Mongolia is an almost single-national country; more than 90% of its population are Mongols and groups of Turkic origin merged with them, speaking dialects of the Mongolian language.
Mongols belong to the Central Asian type of the Mongol race. This anthropological type is characterized by a round, massive skull, sharply flattened, wide and high face. High eye sockets, slightly protruding wide nose. The same anthropological type includes the Buryats, Uriankhabians and Kazakhs living in Mongolia.
In Mongolia, there are about 20 ethnic groups of Mongolian and non-Mongolian origin, among which the leading place belongs to the Khalkhas (Khalkhas, Khalkha-Mongols). They form the core of the Mongolian nation both due to their numbers (about 1.3 million people) and because all other peoples consolidate around the Khalkha, gradually losing their differences from them in language and culture.
Small groups of southern Mongols: Kharchins, Chahars, Tumets, Uzumchins) and the previously isolated Khotogonts, Sartuls, Darigangas practically merged into the Khalkha. Both ancient Mongolian (Borjigin, Gorlos, Olkhonud) and non-Mongolian (Tangut) tribes and clans took part in the ethnogenesis of the Khalkha. The Khalkha ethos has been known since the 16th century. The territory of their formation is between the Onon and Kerumen rivers. Currently, the Khalkhas are settled throughout all aimags of the country, but are most concentrated in the eastern, central and southern.
In the western aimaks of the country - Ubsunur, Kobdo, Bayan-Ulegey live Derbets, Bayats, Zakhchins, Torguts and Olets. All of them are descendants of the Western Mongols-Oirats. The Turkic component took a significant part in ethnogenesis, which can still be traced in some elements of material and spiritual culture. The Derbets (including the Khoshuts and Khoyts who were part of them) and the Olets go back to the tribes of the 13th – 14th centuries; Zakhchins represent an artificial ethnic formation of the late 17th century, created by the Dzungar khans to protect their borders from Manchu troops. Hence the ethnonym “Zakhchin”, which means “outskirts”. The ethnonyms “Torgut” and “Bayat” etymologically go back to the social and administrative terminology of the 13th – 14th centuries: “Torgut” meant the day guard of the palace, “Bayat” - the personal squad of the khan. Now these ethnic groups are moving closer to the Khalkhas.
In addition to the Mongols themselves, other population groups living in Mongolia speak Mongolian languages. The Buryats are settled in the northern aimaks: Eastern, Khentei, Central and some soums of the Khubsugul, Bulgan, Selenga aimaks. The Buryats of Mongolia retain their ethnic identity, although their language is largely Khalkhaized. Close to the Buryats in language, culture and origin is the group of Barguts, who migrated from Northeast China in 1947 and now live in one soum in the Eastern aimag.
The Uriankhians do not represent a single ethnic group. These include the Altai Uriankhians, Monchak Uriankhians, Khubsugui Uriankhians and Tsaatan. Ethnogenically, they go back to various groups of Tuvans and assimilated to varying degrees with the Mongols. The most numerous of them, the Altai Uriankhians, are settled in the mountain valleys of the Mongolian Altai. In terms of language and culture, they are now almost no different from the groups of Western Mongols among whom they live. The Monchak Uriankhians live in the same aimaks next to the Altai Uriankhians and Kazakhs. Their language borrows a lot from Kazakh.
The Khubsugul Uriankhians live in the area of Lake Khubsugul.
The most isolated and retain their specificity are the Tuvan reindeer herders, called Tsaatan by the Mongols. There are only two hundred of them. They speak a dialect of the Tuvan language, but also speak the Darkhat dialect of the Mongolian language.
The Darhat are one of the most interesting small peoples of Mongolia. They inhabit the Darkhat basin of the Khubsugul aimag. The ethonym “darhat” has been known since the 17th century. Before the revolution, the darkhats were considered the serf department of the Rogdo-Gegen. Samoyed, Turkic, and Mongolian components took part in ethnogenesis. Their language is quite close to Western Mongolian dialects.
The largest non-Mongolian ethnic group in Mongolia is the Kazakhs, who are Turkic peoples. They live in Bayan-Ulegey aimag. Their language is part of the Kipchak group of the Turkic family of languages. Kazakhs migrated to the territory of Mongolia in the middle of the 19th century from the regions of the Black Irtysh and the upper reaches of Bukhtarma. The Kazakh language is taught in school, the aimak newspaper is published, and there is a radio center and publishing house. At the same time, there are many Mongolian borrowings in the Kazakh culture.
Other ethnic groups include Russians, Chinese, Khotons, and Khamnigans. The Russian population is the descendants of Old Believers, merchants, artisans, and intelligentsia who arrived in Mongolia in the second half of the 19th century. Many Chinese and Russians speak Mongolian. Khotons are unified Turks who entered the territory of Mongolia during the Dzungar War.
The Khamnigans - the Omongolized Tungus, who switched from reindeer herding to nomadic cattle breeding - live next door to the Buryats, and have learned a lot in culture from them.
Thus, Mongolia is a country of one leading nation. All its peoples who speak Mongolian languages are united into one nation and retain their linguistic and cultural characteristics.
The official language is based on the Khalkha dialect, which is spoken by a significant part of the country.
Several types of writing are known. The oldest of them, Old Mongolian writing, was created in the 13th century based on the alphabet borrowed from the Uyghurs. During the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the so-called “square” script, based on the characters of the Tibetan alphabet, was used for official documentation. In the 17th century, the Oirat enlightener Zaya-Pandita created a “clear” script, known to science as the Oirat script. It also did not become widespread. “Soyombo”, invented in the 17th century by the head of the Lamaist Church of Mongolia, Undur Gegen, was forgotten even faster. Modern Cyrillic writing began to be introduced in 1942. Two letters have been added to the signs of the Russian alphabet: O - fita and V - izhitsa to convey specific Mongolian signs of sound languages.
4. Conclusion.
Thus, the Mongolian population was formed over many millennia. This process began approximately 100 thousand years ago and was completed by the 10th-11th centuries AD. At first these were the writings of the Huns, Xianbei, Rourans, ancient Turks, Uighurs, Khitans replaced each other, pushed aside, and partially assimilated each other in this territory.
By the end of the 17th century, several large Mongolian tribes were wandering: Taijnuts, Tatars, Kerents, Merkits, who were united by Khan Temujin or, as he was nicknamed at the congress of khans, Genghis Khan.
From this time on, the Mongolian state arose.
Currently, on the territory of Mongolia there are about 20 ethnic groups of Mongolian and non-Mongolian origin, among which the leading place belongs to the Khalkha. They form the core of the Mongolian nation.
Every country has periods of prosperity and decline. The once huge empire stretching from sea to sea has now shrunk to a small state with no access to any. The Mongolian people now live in three countries - Mongolia itself, Russia and China. At the same time, most Mongols live in several regions of China.
general information
Mongolian peoples are a group of related peoples who speak or previously spoke languages that are Mongolian, and are closely related to each other by a common centuries-old history, culture, related traditions and customs.
In general, many Mongolian nations belonging to this group already speak the languages of the area where they live. Some peoples are now Iranian-speaking; there are representatives of the group who speak Tibetan languages, and in India Hindi and Bengali. Perhaps, therefore, it would be more correct to determine those who belong to the Mongols on the basis of scientific achievements. According to 2014 data, among representatives of these peoples the most common Y-chromosomal haplogroups are: C - 56.7%, O - 19.3%, N - 11.9%
Tibetan Buddhism became the main religion, with some special national characteristics. After persecution during the years of Soviet power, it is now being revived again, for example, 53% of the population of Mongolia considers itself Buddhist. In addition, various types of shamanism, Christianity and Islam are common.
Regions of residence
Most Mongols live in northern China, Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Some Mongolian peoples live in the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan.
In total there are over 10 million people belonging to the Mongolian peoples. Mongolia itself is home to about 3 million people; the Chinese region of Inner Mongolia is home to about 4 million, accounting for approximately 17% of the population. The rest, about 1.8 million, live in Liaoning, Gansu, and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Mongolian peoples of Russia (Kalmyks and Buryats) live in the republics of Kalmykia and Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk region. The total number is about 650 thousand.
Which people belong to the Mongolian group?
Traditionally, Mongols are divided into several groups according to the location of their region of residence:
- The northern group includes several dozen ethnic (for example, Atagans, Barguts and Khorkhi-Buryats) and ethno-territorial (for example, Agin, Barguzin and Shenekhen) Buryat groups.
- Southern (Uwer - Mongols) live mainly in the territory of Chinese Inner Mongolia. There are also several dozen of them, including, for example, the following ethnic groups: Avga, Asuts, Baarins, Gorlos and Chahars. Also included in this group are the peoples who live in Afghanistan and the Hindustan Peninsula.
- Eastern Mongols (including Khalkha Mongols, Sartuls and Khotogoi) live in Mongolia.
- Western Mongols, also called Oirats (Dzungars), live in Russia (Kalmyks), China (e.g. Khoshuts) and Mongolia (Torguts).
Etymology
The origin of the name of the Mongolian people has not been reliably established; experts adhere to different versions. Each of them has a very solid justification. One of the most popular theories is that the word "Mongol" supposedly comes from the Mongolian "mong", which can be translated as brave. In ancient China, the word could also be derived from the Chinese word manglu, which translates to demons.
Another popular version derives the name from the hydronym Mang (Mang-kol) or the toponym Mang-gan (the name of the rock), which are located in the original habitats of the tribes. Nomads often chose family and clan names in this way. There is also an assumption of origin from the word Mengu Shiwei, tribes that lived in ancient times on the territory of modern Eastern Mongolia. They were named after Mang-qoljin-qo, the legendary ancestress of the Borzhigin family, from which Chigis Khan came. According to another version, the word “Mongol” is a word formed from two Turkic words “mengu”, which is translated as endless, eternal and “kol” - army.
First mention
Some researchers believe that the ethnonym "Mongol" may have appeared for the first time in Chinese written sources:
- in the form “Meng Wu Shi Wei”, then the name of the Shiwei Mongols in “Jiu Tang Shu” (the book “Old History of the Tang Dynasty”), presumably compiled in 945);
- in the form "Meng Wa Bu", the Men-Wa tribe is mentioned in the book "New History of the Tang", compiled around 1045-1060.
In other Chinese and Khitan written sources of the 12th century, various words were used to name the Mongolian peoples, which were transmitted in hieroglyphs as mengu guo, mangu, menguli, meng ku, manguzi.
Russian Mongolian expert B.Ya. Vladimirtsov put forward the version that the name of the Mongolian people was given in honor of some ancient and powerful family or people. In the 12th century, the ancient aristocratic family of Borjigin, under the leadership of Khabul Khan, managed to subjugate several neighboring tribes and clans. After their unification in 1130 into a single political entity, creating practically one ulus, it took the name Mongol.
Ancient history
The first state formation of the Three Rivers Mongols was named the Khamag Mongol ulus. According to some experts, Turkic-Mongolian peoples lived in this proto-state. Local Mongolian tribes gradually mixed with the Turkic ones who came from the west.
The heyday of statehood in the history of the Mongol people occurred in the 13th century, when the Mongol Empire was created by Genghis Khan (and his sons and grandsons). In its heyday, it occupied territory from China and Tibet to Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The grandson of the “Shaker of the Universe,” Kublai Kublai, founded the Yuan dynasty with capitals in Beijing and Shangdu at the end of the 13th century. Now the descendants of the Yuan warriors live in Southern China, making up the Yunnan Mongols ethnic group.
Modern history
In the period from the 14th to the 16th centuries, the territory of Mongolia was divided by the descendants of Genghis Khan and the Oirats. This tribe eventually formed a strong tribe. After the defeat by the Qing Empire, part of the Oirats went to the Volga region to the Kalmyk Khanate. It was founded by one of the Western Mongols (Torguuds), who established themselves in the Great Steppe in the 17th century. It existed until the 18th century, the Khanate was always in vassal dependence on the Russian states.
A newly independent Mongolian state was created only in 1911, headed by Bogd Khan. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed in 1924 and renamed Mongolia in 1992. In subsequent years, the Kalmyks and Buryats, as well as the Mongols in the Inner Mongolia region of China, received their national autonomies in the Soviet Union.
Accommodation and Hospitality
The culture and life of the various Mongolian peoples, who have lived in different countries for hundreds of years, vary greatly. However, many common features and traditions of the Mongolian people have been preserved. Traditional values have been preserved in folk art, such as love for parents, for the steppe expanses, love of freedom and independence. Many works sing of longing for one’s native places and the Motherland.
Once upon a time, all Mongolian peoples lived in the traditional dwelling of many nomads - the yurt, which is part of the national culture. Even in the ancient written monument “The Secret History of the Mongols” it is said that all Mongols lived in felt dwellings. Until now, a significant part of the population in Mongolia lives in yurts, not only cattle breeders, but also residents of the country’s capital. And some of them have shops, restaurants and museums. In Russia, pastoralists mainly live in yurts; traditional housing is also used during holidays and folk festivities.
Hospitality is an important part of the folk tradition of all nomadic peoples and is still taken for granted. As many travelers note, if you approach a yurt where there is someone inside, you will always be invited to visit. And they will definitely treat you to at least tea or kumiss.
Traditional activity and cuisine
The Mongolian peoples have traditionally been engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. Depending on the region, sheep, goats, cows, horses, yaks and camels were bred. Then, practically, preference was given to animal species that could provide all the raw materials necessary for arranging everyday life. Wool and skins are used to make housing, clothing and shoes, meat and milk are used in Mongolian cuisine.
The traditional food of nomads, Mongolian and Turkic peoples, is meat. Dishes made from lamb, goat and beef are widespread. Since ancient times, in the mountainous regions they have eaten yak meat, and in the south, camel meat. Raw milk was not previously consumed at all, only after fermentation or ripening. Just like vegetables, which were always pre-steamed or boiled.
Vasily Efanov. Mongolian girl in national costume. 1954. Volgograd Museum of Fine Arts
Mongols - originally, the name of the population that was part of the Mongol Empire (a medieval state that included parts of the lands of modern Russia, Ukraine, China and India). The Mongols gave the name to the Mongoloid race. Later, the name Mongols was transferred to a group of related peoples in the northeast of modern Mongolia, whose ancestors, according to popular historical views, stood at the origins of the Mongol Empire (that is, they were its first citizens, the first “Mongols”). This situation has caused confusion, the emergence of different versions and falsifications of history in our time. Therefore, when studying documents, primarily historical ones, you need to pay attention to who exactly the author means by the word “Mongols”. Today, about 10 million people consider themselves Mongols. Of these, 2.4 million live in Mongolia, about 4.8 million in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, 2 million in other provinces of China.
According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Mongols living in Russia is 3 thousand people.
More than 85% of the population speaks Mongolian, which is the language of instruction in schools; traditional Mongolian writing is taught in secondary schools. The official language is Mongolian (Khalkha), the older generation in the cities speaks and understands Russian. Since 2007, Russian has been compulsory to study in all schools. In Bayan-Ulegey aimak they study the Kazakh language.
85% of Mongolia's population belongs to the Mongolian group:
Mongolian group
- southern Mongols
- chahars,
- Khorchyn,
- harachinas,
- arukhorchiny,
- tumets,
- jalairs,
- jalaites,
- Aug,
- avganar,
- chipchins,
- mu-myangats,
- Naimans,
- aohane,
- onnuts,
- durban huhet,
- urates,
- throats,
- Ordosians,
- durbets - 4.6%
- Jaruts,
- Sunnis
- Khalkha Mongols
- Elzhgin and
- dariganga (31.9 thousand, 2000)
- Buryats (70 thousand),
- barguts,
- Oirats,
- their-Myangans,
- Torguts,
- Khosheuts,
- sogwo arig,
- Mongors (tu),
- Dongxiang,
- baoani,
- Dauras.
- (Uighur-)Uriankhians (25, 2 thousand, 2000)
- Khotogoit Mongols,
- darhat, sartul,
- Zun-Uzumchins (1700 people, 1945),
- Shine-Barguts (about 1000 people, 1947),
- Zakhchin (29, 8 thousand, 2000),
- Torguts,
- bayat (50, 8 thousand, 2000),
- Khoshuts,
- myangats,
- flights,
Linguistically speaking, the Mongolian group of peoples includes:
- Kalmyks (Russian Federation),
- Sart-Kalmaks (Issyk-Kul Kalmyks) (Kyrgyzstan)
- Mughals (Afghanistan).
According to culture, the Turkic-speaking Tuvans (Russian Federation) are also classified as Mongolian peoples.
Non-Mongolian population
- Turkic group
- Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - 7%
- Tsaatans
- other ethnic groups
- hamnigans,
- Russians,
- Chinese,
