Physiological needs Desire to earn more with as little effort as possible Reluctance to take on "difficult jobs" Seeking additional income, benefits and better living through organization

The need for involvement The desire to communicate with colleagues, students, to have information about what is happening at school, "Public activist", Involvement in the affairs of the team, group is a personal value, Participation in innovations "for the company", The desire to be pleasant in communication.

The need for status, recognition Participation in innovations in order to achieve a positive result in work, The desire to take a leadership position, The desire to create the image of a “successful employee”, receive an honorary title or a higher category, The desire to receive certain privileges in work,

The need for status, recognition Recognition of competence and independence as significant values, The desire to have information about how high and significant personal results are, The desire to influence the process of forming the goals of the organization, The desire to obtain additional rights.

The need for self-expression The desire to develop oneself, to learn, The desire to participate in the development and implementation of innovations for personal and social benefit, Creative work as a value of pedagogical activity, Expanding the scope of authority, Performing rather complex work

Theory of D. McClelland Needs for complicity: Needs for complicity: - Friendly relations with others, - the importance of approval and support, - the desire for active interaction with colleagues, students, parents, - the desire to be informed about what is happening in the organization.

The need for domination Power for the sake of achieving the goals of the organization: Power for the sake of achieving the goals of the organization: - the desire to work together with the team, motivate people, - the desire to determine the goals of the organization's activities, - the meaning of the activity - the desire to perform responsible work.

Zones of power Administrative power Partial delegation of power Full delegation of power - determination of the organization's development strategy, - distribution of financial flows - development of strategic documents, - selection of personnel, - performance of functional duties, - activities of public organizations,

Levels of achievement motivation in prof. activities by internship groups Groups of teachers experience up to 5 years 5-25 years over 25 years 1. Have recognized achievements and set new goals 2. Have achievements, strive to match them, but do not set new goals

Model of the emergence of the achievement motive Evaluation of the significance and attractiveness of the results Evaluation of external conditions for achieving results Evaluation of the likely reaction of others to personal results Evaluation of one’s own abilities to achieve results Evaluation of the efforts that need to be expended to obtain the result Analysis of the significance of the results, favorable conditions and efforts expended Motivation for achieving the result or avoiding failure

Conditions that stimulate the manifestation of achievement motivation The nature of the activity itself is interesting and useful for a person, Compliance of activity with the abilities of the subject of activity, The presence of external conditions to achieve the desired result, The ability to act independently, freely, at one’s own discretion,

Conditions stimulating the manifestation of achievement motivation The presence of an element of competition between people with approximately equal abilities, Recognition of the value of these achievements by others, Objective and fair external assessment of the achievements Task: Evaluate the conditions in your school on a 9-point scale. Hygiene factors Influence job dissatisfaction in a particular organization Influence job dissatisfaction in a particular organization (... if their level is insufficient or not there, then I will leave this organization) Factors: -salary, -working conditions, -interpersonal relations, -level administration control

Factors - motivators They influence the desire to work effectively ("... if they exist, then I will work very well") They influence the desire to work efficiently ("... if they exist, then I will work very well") Factors: - approval of the results labor, - an opportunity for creative growth, - career growth, - independence in work

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The presentation on the topic "American psychologist Abraham Maslow and his pyramid of needs" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Psychology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 18 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Maslow's theory of motivation (pyramid) is based on the thesis that human behavior is determined by a number of basic needs that can be built in a certain hierarchy. From Maslow's point of view, these needs are universal, i.e. unite all people regardless of skin color, nationality, lifestyle, habits, demeanor and other external manifestations.

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Physiological: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc. Existential: security of existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions. Social: social connections, communication, affection, concern for others and attention to oneself, joint activities. Prestigious: self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, promotion. Spiritual: knowledge, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.

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1. Physiological needs

The most pressing, most powerful of all needs. A person living in extreme need, deprived of all the joys of life, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, will be driven, first of all, by the needs of the physiological level. If a person has nothing to eat and if he lacks love and respect, he will first of all seek to satisfy his physical, not emotional hunger. According to Maslow, if physiological urges dominate in the body, then all other needs may not even be felt by a person. The desire to write poetry, to buy a car, an interest in native history, a passion for yellow shoes - against the background of physiological needs, all these interests and desires either fade or disappear altogether, because. a man who feels mortal hunger will not be interested in anything but food.

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2. The need for security

After satisfying the physiological needs, their place in the motivational life of the individual is occupied by the needs, which in the most general form can be combined into the category of security (the need for stability, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in order, law, restrictions). According to Maslow's theory of motivation, these desires can also dominate the body and usurp the right to organize human behavior. As Maslow notes, the need for security of a healthy and successful member of our culture is usually satisfied. In a normal society, in healthy people, the need for security manifests itself only in mild forms, for example, in the form of a desire to get a job in a company that provides its employees with social guarantees, etc. In its most general form, the need for security and stability reveals itself and in conservative behavior (most people tend to prefer familiar and familiar things). In turn, as Maslow points out, the unexpected threat of chaos in most people causes a regression of motivation from its higher levels to the level of security. The natural and predictable reaction of society to such situations are calls to restore order, and at any cost, even at the cost of dictatorship and violence.

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3. Need for belonging and love

After the needs of the physiological level and the needs of the security level are satisfied, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized. A person, as never before, acutely begins to feel the lack of friends, the absence of a loved one, a wife or children, and longs for warm, friendly relations. He needs a social group that would provide him with such relationships. It is this goal that becomes the most significant and most important for a person. The rapid development in the modern world of various groups of personal growth, as well as interest clubs, according to Maslow, is to some extent dictated by an unquenched thirst for communication, the need for intimacy, belonging, the desire to overcome the feeling of loneliness. The inability to satisfy the need for love and belonging, according to Maslow, as a rule, leads to maladjustment, and sometimes to more serious pathology.

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4. Need for recognition

Each person, according to Maslow, (with rare exceptions associated with pathology) constantly needs recognition, a stable and, as a rule, high assessment of his own merits. Each of us needs both the respect of the people around us and the opportunity to respect ourselves. Maslow divided the needs of this level into two classes. The first class includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own power, adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, the author included the need for reputation or prestige, i.e. in gaining status, attention, recognition, fame. Satisfaction of all these needs, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, creates in the individual a sense of self-confidence, self-worth and strength. An unsatisfied need, on the contrary, causes a feeling of humiliation, weakness, helplessness, which, in turn, serve as the basis for despondency, trigger compensatory and neurotic mechanisms.

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5. The need for self-actualization (self-realization)

Even if all of the above needs are satisfied, according to Maslow, a person will soon feel dissatisfied again - because he is not doing what he is predisposed to. If a person wants to live in peace with himself, he must be what he can be. Maslow called this need the need for self-actualization. In Maslow's understanding, self-actualization is a person's desire for self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentialities inherent in him. This desire can be called the desire for idiosyncrasy, for identity. This is the highest human need, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As a rule, a person begins to feel the need for self-actualization only after he has satisfied the needs of all lower levels.

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There is also a more detailed classification. There are seven main levels (priorities) in the system:

(lower) Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc. Need for security: feeling confident, getting rid of fear and failure. The need for belonging and love. The need for respect: achievement of success, approval, recognition. Cognitive needs: to know, to be able, to explore. Aesthetic needs: harmony, order, beauty. (higher) The need for self-actualization: the realization of one's goals, abilities, the development of one's own personality.

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In his later writings, published in the 1960s and 70s, Maslow does not place the need for self-actualization as a basic need, but as a higher category of needs, which he described as "needs of (personal) growth" (also called "value" needs). or "existential needs" or "meta-needs"). This list also includes the need for understanding and cognition (cognitive need) and the need for beauty (aesthetic need), which were previously mentioned outside the main hierarchy, as well as the need for play.

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As the lower needs are satisfied, the needs of a higher level become more and more urgent, but this does not mean at all that the place of the previous need is occupied by a new one only when the former is fully satisfied. Also, the needs are not in an inseparable sequence and do not have fixed positions, as shown in the diagram. This pattern takes place as the most stable, but for different people the mutual arrangement of needs may vary.

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Maslow notes that the hierarchy of needs is not at all as stable as it might seem at first glance. The basic needs of most people, in general, follow the order described, but there are exceptions. For some people, for example, the need for self-affirmation manifests itself as more urgent than the need for love. This is the most common case of reversion.

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Was there a pyramid

The image of the pyramid, widely used around the world to illustrate Maslow's theory of motivation, is in fact far from indisputable. !!!Maslow himself does not mention the pyramid in his works (neither in verbal nor in pictorial form)!!! On the contrary, in the works of Maslow there is a different visual image - a spiral (Maslow writes about the transition of an individual to the needs of a higher level: "the motivational spiral begins a new round"). The image of the spiral, of course, better reflects the basic postulates of Maslow's theory of motivation: dynamism, development, smooth "flow" from one level to another (as opposed to the static and strict hierarchy of the pyramid).

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Presentation on the topic: PYRAMID OF MASLOW

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"Maslow's Pyramid" is the informal name for the theory of motivation developed in the 1950s of the 20th century by the outstanding American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow

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Maslow's theory of motivation (pyramid) is based on the thesis that human behavior is determined by a number of basic needs that can be built in a certain hierarchy. Maslow's theory of motivation (pyramid) is based on the thesis that human behavior is determined by a number of basic needs that can be built in a certain hierarchy. From Maslow's point of view, these needs are universal, i.e. unite all people regardless of skin color, nationality, lifestyle, habits, demeanor and other external manifestations.

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Physiological: hunger, thirst, sex drive, etc. Physiological: hunger, thirst, sex drive, etc. Existential: security of existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions. Social: social connections, communication, affection, concern for others and attention to oneself, joint activities. Prestigious: self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, promotion. Spiritual: knowledge, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.

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The most pressing, most powerful of all needs. A person living in extreme need, deprived of all the joys of life, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, will be driven, first of all, by the needs of the physiological level. If a person has nothing to eat and if he lacks love and respect, he will first of all seek to satisfy his physical, not emotional hunger. According to Maslow, if physiological urges dominate in the body, then all other needs may not even be felt by a person. The desire to write poetry, to buy a car, an interest in native history, a passion for yellow shoes - against the background of physiological needs, all these interests and desires either fade or disappear altogether, because. a man who feels mortal hunger will not be interested in anything but food. The most pressing, most powerful of all needs. A person living in extreme need, deprived of all the joys of life, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, will be driven, first of all, by the needs of the physiological level. If a person has nothing to eat and if he lacks love and respect, he will first of all seek to satisfy his physical, not emotional hunger. According to Maslow, if physiological urges dominate in the body, then all other needs may not even be felt by a person. The desire to write poetry, to buy a car, an interest in native history, a passion for yellow shoes - against the background of physiological needs, all these interests and desires either fade or disappear altogether, because. a man who feels mortal hunger will not be interested in anything but food.

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After satisfying the physiological needs, their place in the motivational life of the individual is occupied by the needs, which in the most general form can be combined into the category of security (the need for stability, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in order, law, restrictions). According to Maslow's theory of motivation, these desires can also dominate the body and usurp the right to organize human behavior. As Maslow notes, the need for security of a healthy and successful member of our culture is usually satisfied. In a normal society, in healthy people, the need for security manifests itself only in mild forms, for example, in the form of a desire to get a job in a company that provides its employees with social guarantees, etc. In its most general form, the need for security and stability reveals itself and in conservative behavior (most people tend to prefer familiar and familiar things). In turn, as Maslow points out, the unexpected threat of chaos in most people causes a regression of motivation from its higher levels to the level of security. The natural and predictable reaction of society to such situations are calls to restore order, and at any cost, even at the cost of dictatorship and violence. After satisfying the physiological needs, their place in the motivational life of the individual is occupied by the needs, which in the most general form can be combined into the category of security (the need for stability, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in order, law, restrictions). According to Maslow's theory of motivation, these desires can also dominate the body and usurp the right to organize human behavior. As Maslow notes, the need for security of a healthy and successful member of our culture is usually satisfied. In a normal society, in healthy people, the need for security manifests itself only in mild forms, for example, in the form of a desire to get a job in a company that provides its employees with social guarantees, etc. In its most general form, the need for security and stability reveals itself and in conservative behavior (most people tend to prefer familiar and familiar things). In turn, as Maslow points out, the unexpected threat of chaos in most people causes a regression of motivation from its higher levels to the level of security. The natural and predictable reaction of society to such situations are calls to restore order, and at any cost, even at the cost of dictatorship and violence.

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After the needs of the physiological level and the needs of the security level are satisfied, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized. A person, as never before, acutely begins to feel the lack of friends, the absence of a loved one, a wife or children, and longs for warm, friendly relations. He needs a social group that would provide him with such relationships. It is this goal that becomes the most significant and most important for a person. The rapid development in the modern world of various groups of personal growth, as well as interest clubs, according to Maslow, is to some extent dictated by an unquenched thirst for communication, the need for intimacy, belonging, the desire to overcome the feeling of loneliness. The inability to satisfy the need for love and belonging, according to Maslow, as a rule, leads to maladjustment, and sometimes to more serious pathology. After the needs of the physiological level and the needs of the security level are satisfied, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized. A person, as never before, acutely begins to feel the lack of friends, the absence of a loved one, a wife or children, and longs for warm, friendly relations. He needs a social group that would provide him with such relationships. It is this goal that becomes the most significant and most important for a person. The rapid development in the modern world of various groups of personal growth, as well as interest clubs, according to Maslow, is to some extent dictated by an unquenched thirst for communication, the need for intimacy, belonging, the desire to overcome the feeling of loneliness. The inability to satisfy the need for love and belonging, according to Maslow, as a rule, leads to maladjustment, and sometimes to more serious pathology.

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Each person, according to Maslow, (with rare exceptions associated with pathology) constantly needs recognition, a stable and, as a rule, high assessment of his own merits. Each of us needs both the respect of the people around us and the opportunity to respect ourselves. Maslow divided the needs of this level into two classes. The first class includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own power, adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, the author included the need for reputation or prestige, i.e. in gaining status, attention, recognition, fame. Satisfaction of all these needs, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, creates in the individual a sense of self-confidence, self-worth and strength. An unsatisfied need, on the contrary, causes a feeling of humiliation, weakness, helplessness, which, in turn, serve as the basis for despondency, trigger compensatory and neurotic mechanisms. Each person, according to Maslow, (with rare exceptions associated with pathology) constantly needs recognition, a stable and, as a rule, high assessment of his own merits. Each of us needs both the respect of the people around us and the opportunity to respect ourselves. Maslow divided the needs of this level into two classes. The first class includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own power, adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, the author included the need for reputation or prestige, i.e. in gaining status, attention, recognition, fame. Satisfaction of all these needs, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, creates in the individual a sense of self-confidence, self-worth and strength. An unsatisfied need, on the contrary, causes a feeling of humiliation, weakness, helplessness, which, in turn, serve as the basis for despondency, trigger compensatory and neurotic mechanisms.

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Even if all of the above needs are satisfied, according to Maslow, a person will soon feel dissatisfied again - because he is not doing what he is predisposed to. If a person wants to live in peace with himself, he must be what he can be. Maslow called this need the need for self-actualization. In Maslow's understanding, self-actualization is a person's desire for self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentialities inherent in him. This desire can be called the desire for idiosyncrasy, for identity. This is the highest human need, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As a rule, a person begins to feel the need for self-actualization only after he has satisfied the needs of all lower levels. Even if all of the above needs are satisfied, according to Maslow, a person will soon feel dissatisfied again - because he is not doing what he is predisposed to. If a person wants to live in peace with himself, he must be what he can be. Maslow called this need the need for self-actualization. In Maslow's understanding, self-actualization is a person's desire for self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentialities inherent in him. This desire can be called the desire for idiosyncrasy, for identity. This is the highest human need, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As a rule, a person begins to feel the need for self-actualization only after he has satisfied the needs of all lower levels.

The main questions that personality theory must answer are as follows: 1. What is the nature of the main sources of personality development - congenital or acquired? 2. What age period is most important for personality formation? 3. What processes are dominant in the personality structure - conscious (rational) or unconscious (irrational)? 4. Does a person have free will, and to what extent does a person exercise control over his behavior? 5. Is the personal (inner) world of a person subjective, or is the inner world objective and can be revealed using objective methods?

A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation, according to which all the needs of an individual can be placed in a “pyramid” as follows: at the base of the “pyramid” are the most important human needs, without which the biological existence of a person is impossible, at higher levels of the “pyramid” are located needs that characterize a person as a social being and as a person.

Needs are considered as a conscious absence of something, causing an impulse to act. Needs are divided into primary, characterizing a person as a biological organism, and cultural or higher, characterizing a person as a social being and personality.

1. Physiological needs. The strongest and most urgent are physiological needs, i.e. conditions essential for physical survival. The body signals dissatisfaction in them with urges, which, with the duration of such a state, can become painful. This group includes the need for food, drink, oxygen, sleep, protection from extreme temperatures, physical activity, and sensory stimulation.

2. The need for security and protection These are the needs for stability, order, predictability of events, freedom from disease, fear, chaos. In general, it can be characterized as a need for long-term survival. In adults, this need is satisfied in activities such as preferring a stable job, even if it is not very good in other respects; as a preference given to reliable technology, household appliances, even if they are inferior to other models in their sophistication, range of services. The market for self-defense means and weapons is built on this need.

3. The need for belonging and love. From Maslow's point of view, this need begins to be actualized after satisfaction of physiological needs and the need for security and protection. Having reached this level, people tend to form attachment relationships with other people. Group affiliation becomes dominant. Being unsatisfied, this need causes pangs of loneliness, severe feelings of rejection.

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A. Maslow (1908-1970) is rightfully considered the "spiritual father" of humanistic psychology. It was he who developed the most important theoretical provisions of this trend on self-actualization, types of needs and mechanisms of personality development. With his brilliant lectures and books, he also contributed to the spread of the ideas of this school, although they are inferior to behaviorism and psychoanalysis in terms of their popularity in the USA. Maslow graduated from the University of Wisconsin and received a degree Doctor of Psychology in 1934. His interest in psychology and the development of his concept was greatly influenced by his acquaintance with European philosophers, especially scientists who emigrated to the United States. Maslow spoke with Wertheimer. It was this scientist, his personality, lifestyle and creativity that led Maslow to the idea of ​​a "self-actualized personality." The second person who served as a model for this concept was the famous anthropologist R. Benedict.

short biography

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Maslow's own theory, which the scientist developed by the 1950s, was presented by him in the books Toward a Psychology of Being (1968), Motivation and Personality (1970), and others. It appeared on the basis of a detailed acquaintance with the basic psychological concepts that existed in that period, as well as the very idea of ​​Maslow about the need to form a third way, a third psychological direction, an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. In 1951, Maslow was invited to Brandon University, where he served as chairman of the psychological department until 1968, that is, almost until his death. In the last years of his life, he was also president of the American Psychological Association. Speaking about the need to form a new approach to understanding the psyche, Maslow emphasized that he is not an anti-behaviorist, not an anti-psychoanalyst, does not reject old approaches and old schools, but opposes the absolutization of their experience, against everything that limits human development, narrows its possibilities. Maslow's humanistic theory of personality

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In contrast to psychoanalysts, who mainly studied deviant behavior, Maslow believed that it was necessary to study human nature by "studying its best representatives, and not cataloging the difficulties and mistakes of average or neurotic individuals." Only by studying the best people, he wrote, can we explore the limits of human capabilities and at the same time understand the true nature of man, which is not fully and clearly represented in other, less gifted people. The group he chose consisted of 18 people, while 9 of them were his contemporaries, and 9 - historical figures, which included A. Lincoln, A. Einstein, V. James, B. Spinoza and other famous scientists and politicians. These studies led him to the idea that there is a certain hierarchy of human needs, which looks like this:

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One of the weakest points in Maslow's theory was his position that these needs are in a rigid hierarchy once and for all, and higher "higher" needs (for example, in self-esteem or self-actualization) arise only after more elementary ones are satisfied. such as the need for security or love. Not only critics, but also Maslow's followers showed that very often the need for self-actualization or self-respect dominates and determines a person's behavior, despite the fact that his physiological needs remained unsatisfied, and sometimes even frustrated the satisfaction of needs of a higher level. However, despite the divergence on the problem of the hierarchy of these needs, most representatives of humanistic psychology accepted the very term self-actualization introduced by Maslow, as well as his description of a self-actualizing personality. Subsequently, Maslow himself abandoned such a rigid hierarchy, combining all existing needs into two classes - needs of need (deficit) and development needs (self-actualization). Thus, he singled out two levels of human existence - existential, focused on personal growth and self-actualization, identity, focused on satisfying frustrated needs. Subsequently, he singled out the Groups of existential and deficient needs, knowledge values, designating them with the terms B and D (for example, B - love and D - love), and also introduced the term metamotivation to refer to the actual existential motivation leading to personal growth Criticism of Maslow's theory

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Self-actualization according to Maslow. Self-actualization is associated with the ability to understand oneself, one's inner nature, to learn to "attune" in accordance with this nature, to build one's behavior based on it. At the same time, self-actualization is not a one-time act, but a process that has no end, it is a way of “living, working and relating to the world, and not a single achievement,” wrote Maslow. From singled out the most significant moments in this process, which; change the attitude of a person to himself and the world, stimulate personal growth and the desire for self-actualization. It can be a momentary experience, which Maslow called a "peak experience," or a long-term "plateau experience." In any case, these are the moments of the greatest fullness of life, the realization of exactly existential, and not deficient needs, and therefore they are so important in the development of self-actualization, primarily self-actualization of the transcendent type, formed in people for whom transcendental experience is the most significant.

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Maslow was practically the first psychologist to pay attention not only to the deviations, difficulties and negative aspects of personality, but also to the positive aspects of personal development. He was one of the first to explore the positive achievements of personal experience, revealed the ways of self-development and self-improvement for any person.

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