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During the operation of a private house, a country cottage or a country house, the question of increasing the living space often arises. It is usually solved by means of an extension or add-on.
Building a house is a tricky business. In addition, the residential extension has one significant drawback - it “steals” the usable area of the site.
Therefore, a popular way to expand the living space of an individual house is to build a second floor or attic, i.e. attic roof. The design of the mansard roof allows you to use the resulting space as a living space.
What is better attic or second floor
The following facts speak in favor of the attic: lower construction costs, better insulation of living space, less load on the foundation. In general, the attic is the highlight of the house, giving it a certain flavor.
If in essence, then a full-fledged 2nd floor is more practical and easier in terms of implementation than an attic one. It all depends on the situation, if the house is being designed, then it is better to immediately provide for the second floor, because. arranging an attic is a more troublesome task. And if the house is residential and has a mansard-type roof, then it would be reasonable to equip a living room in it instead of an attic "for the right things."
Types of mansard roof
The optimum angle of inclination is 40°. The slope should be located on the leeward side. Allows you to equip a small attic above the attic. Due to only one acute angle, the usable area of \u200b\u200bthe room increases.
Double pitched mansard roof
A simple gable (pitch or gable) consists of two slopes connected at a certain angle. The advantage of a gable roof is the ease of manufacturing the rafter part and finishing. The disadvantage is the appearance of a "deaf" area (at the junction of the roof to the wall), which is usually not used. Often attics with a gable roof are erected along with the walls. A 45° pitched roof is ideal for houses up to 6m wide.
Asymmetrical gable roof. A private house with such a roof will be original and functional at the same time.
The complexity of building a roof with asymmetrical slopes is to carry out calculations.
Broken mansard roof. Its difference is that each slope has two components. The sloping roof device allows you to get a higher attic space. And also reduce the unused area. Such roofs are the most common, due to the possibility of attaching a garage or a summer kitchen under one roof.
Four-pitched mansard roof
Hip mansard roof. In this design, the roof slopes play the role of walls.
One of the varieties of the hip mansard roof is the Danish hip roof. Its construction is distinguished by the presence of gables, which allow you to mount ordinary windows (dormer windows) rather than roof windows.
Semi-hip mansard roof (two-slope, four-slope). A complex design, low slopes protect the gables of the house from precipitation.
Pitched roofs can be single or multi-level.
Non-standard solutions are also quite possible for a mansard roof. Their device requires careful calculation of loads, stability, etc. Without special education, installation is difficult, so the cost of work is higher compared to classical designs.
Some examples of the original mansard roof are in the photo.
We have decided on the types, the question remains how to make a mansard roof with your own hands.
Brief instructions contain the main stages of work and draw your attention to some of the nuances of their implementation.
Stage 1 - Design and calculation
The choice of the appearance of the mansard roof, and the calculation of its parameters is made taking into account such factors as:
A reliable assistant in the calculations will be SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and Impacts".
Nuance. The greater the angle of inclination, the lower will be the height of the attic room (the minimum ceiling height of the room on the attic floor is 2.2 m). Accordingly, the smaller the angle of inclination of the mansard roof, the larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe room will be. If the slope is insufficient, then precipitation can collect on the roof, which will lead to additional loads on it.
Closer attention is paid to the calculations if a non-standard mansard roof is being built. For example, an asymmetrical gable mansard roof has a displaced center of gravity. This affects the uniformity of load transfer to load-bearing walls and foundations.
At this stage, such an issue as a way to access the attic floor is also solved. The choice of the location of the stairs to the attic is an important decision. The internal location allows you to use it at any time of the year. External allows you to save the usable area of the lower floor.
Advice. Ceiling folding ladder for the attic floor is the most economical option, but the least practical.
Mansard roof truss system
The choice of truss system is influenced by:
- attic dimensions;
- span parameters;
- roof shape;
- construction of the first floor;
- location of load-bearing walls and additional supports;
- roofing weight.
Mansard roof truss system design
There are two types of roof rafter system with an attic:
- hanging rafters. The walls of the house serve as the basis for the rafter legs. During the construction of hanging trusses, a mauerlat is not always installed (depending on the wall material);
- layered rafters. In this case, it is necessary to build an additional support. Which is used as a ridge run or an attic wall reinforced with reinforced concrete. The device of a layered truss system is allowed with a distance between the bearing walls of up to 7 meters.
The structural difference between the device of the roof with hanging and layered rafters is shown in the diagram.
When building a mansard roof, a combined type is more often used - hanging rafters on top of the system, and layered on the sides.
At the same time, drawings are necessarily made indicating the location of individual elements and the distance between them. An example is shown in the figure.
The material was prepared for the site www.site
Calculation of the rafter leg for the mansard roof
The choice of wood species and the rationale for its optimal thickness.
The amount of material required for the truss system depends on its type and all the factors listed above.
Nuance. The gap between the rafter legs depends on the lumber used.
The step of the rafter legs under the mansard roof will be 60-90 cm.
As a material, glued timber (80x80, 100x100 mm), a board (for slate and metal tiles section 50x150, for ondulin 50-200) can be used.
Nuance. The length of the spans increases the diameter (section) of the rafters or reduces the gap between them.
As for the breed, it is recommended to use pine. Its wood is characterized by high strength, flexibility, ease of processing, and the absence of knots. Commercial wood must be at least grade 2. Solid beams can be replaced with glued timber, it has higher quality characteristics.
The thickness of the board for the manufacture of rafters (section of the rafter leg) must be at least 50 mm. The width of the board for the rafter leg is from 150 mm (if the length of the rafters is up to 6 meters, if more, then 180-200 mm). On the one hand, this requirement is due to the fact that it has a load, on the other hand, a heater is placed between the rafter legs.
Council - any construction or restructuring must be legalized in the relevant authorities.
Stage 2 - Installing the Mauerlat
Mauerlat - additional wooden trim along the upper perimeter of the building.
The purpose of the Mauerlat is to create conditions for secure fastening of the lower part of the rafters. As well as the redistribution of the load, which is created from the pressure of the roof on the load-bearing walls and the foundation of the building.
Installation of a simple gable mansard roof requires the installation of a Mauerlat only on those walls on which the rafter legs will rest. A four-pitched roof requires its installation around the entire perimeter of the building.
Advice. In a wooden frame, the role of the Mauerlat is played by the upper crown. This can be done, but subject to the installation of rafter legs on sliding fasteners. Because due to the load on the rafter system (wind, snow), horizontal pressure is created and the upper logs can move outward. In addition, if the material for the truss system is not properly dried, then over time, with rigid fastening, the roof is deformed.
Nuance. A stone cottage and house requires the arrangement of a Mauerlat around the entire perimeter of the outer walls. In brick, you can install its links only under the rafters.
Mauerlat parameters for logs - diameter 150 mm, for timber - 100x100 mm.
The breed is pine, but larch is better.
The Mauerlat mount must be reliable, because this is the basis for the entire truss system.
There are several ways to fasten the Mauerlat: with anchor bolts, studs or reinforcement (fixed at the base of the load-bearing wall);
Advice. If the building is erected from foam concrete or other porous material, only long bolts or reinforcement can be used, the length of which is 3 times the width of the Mauerlat beam. This is due to the fact that any other fasteners are pulled out very easily from a porous material.
- annealed wire (embedded in brickwork);
- wooden dowel (used when installing a Mauerlat in a log house).
Nuance. To prevent the destruction of the Mauerlat, it is necessary to provide proper waterproofing, for example, put roofing material, and treat the beam itself with antiseptic solutions.
If the width of the attic matches the width of the house, the rafter legs rest on the base of the load-bearing wall. But, it’s better to install a Mauerlat anyway.
Stage 3 - Mansard roof construction
Mansard roof frame device
Cover beams. Installed on the Mauerlat. In the future, they will serve as the basis for the device floor in the attic.
Mansard roof truss system
For a simple roof, the manufacture of rafter legs consists in the formation of simple triangles. They can be assembled on the ground and installed in the form of ready-made triangles.
For a gable sloping roof, a U-shaped frame is first attached, and the rafter part is already fixed on it in a hanging (for the top) and inclined (for the sides) way. The diagrams below show this more clearly.
The lower ends of the rafter leg must be sawn down and attached to the Mauerlat with nails or metal staples (movable fastening).
Nuance. Wash down the legs must be very accurate to ensure a snug fit to the Mauerlat.
Rafter legs are installed at the same distance from each other. Otherwise, the load on the system will be unevenly distributed.
Installation starts from the extreme legs. Then between them you need to pull the rope. So the horizontal will be maintained when installing the intermediate legs.
After all the rafters are installed, they are interconnected. The step of the lathing depends on the chosen roofing material.
Advice. Places intended for the installation of roof windows are reinforced with a transverse beam. Thus, the window will be securely fixed.
With a significant width of the mansard roof, you need to install a ridge beam. It will serve as an additional support. And part of the load (from the weight of the roof and snow) is redistributed to it.
With a considerable length, the ridge beam is supplemented by a support.
Mansard roof waterproofing
A hydrobarrier film is attached to the crate. The peculiarity of its fastening is to make an overlap of 100 mm. Most manufacturers mark the overlap with a bright stripe.
The waterproofing film is fastened with a construction stapler. And in case of rain, it will reliably protect the structure even in the absence of roofing material.
Mansard roof insulation
The insulation is placed under the waterproofing. Professionals recommend using flexible heaters for these purposes - mineral and basalt wool. Their advantage is flexibility, the ability to fill any voids.
Laying the vapor barrier
The vapor barrier film protects the roof insulation from steam penetrating into it from the attic living quarters.
Advice. It is important to provide the necessary gaps between the roofing material and the insulation. Their presence and parameters are determined by the type of insulation, the class of films used and the roofing material.
Mansard roof construction - video
Stage 4 - Installation of skylights
The area of windows, for sufficient daylight penetration, should be at least 12.5%.
Due to the design features of the mansard-type roof, special roof windows are used for glazing. The installation technology provides for the installation of windows before finishing work. At the same time, windows must be opened to allow fresh air to enter. In bad weather, they, of course, should be closed.
Stage 5 - Mansard roof roof
The mansard roof makes it possible to significantly increase the total living area, while financial investments will be minimal. The most common option is a gable broken structure, which is easy to build on your own.
How to make a mansard roof yourself
Under the mansard roof, you can equip rooms for housing. The shape of the building may be different, but in most cases the attic is equipped under a roof with two slopes. The optimal solution, which allows you to get a significant area of \u200b\u200bliving space, is a broken structure.
A sloping roof is the best option for arranging an attic
Drawings and calculations of a mansard type roof
The first step is to decide on the scheme of the frame. Rafters can be layered or hanging type. Sloped rest on the walls of the building. They are mounted in structures where the distance between the walls is less than 6.5 m. Hanging rafters are placed on fillies and Mauerlat. If the width of the spans is large, then the rafter system will need to be reinforced with auxiliary ligaments.
The main condition for the comfortable construction of the attic is the level of the ceilings - it must be above 2.5 m. To ensure such a height, the break line should be placed at a height of more than 2.8 m, taking into account the thickness of the layer of material for insulation and sheathing of the structure. It is also important to consider the thickness of the floor.
An example of a drawing can be seen in the image:
The minimum ceiling height of the mansard roof is 2.5 m To calculate the expected snow loads, you will need to apply this formula: S \u003d Sg x µ, where S is the snow load, Sg is the weight of the snow cover per 1 m 2 of area, µ is a value that depends on the slope of the roof (1.0 - for a flat design with a slope of 25°, 0.7 for a design with a slope of 25-60°).
The parameters Sg and Wo can be found in the relevant SNiP, in the "Rafter systems" section. If the roof has a steep slope, then the snow load can be ignored.
Roof device
The frame structure includes the following details:
- mauerlat - a support bar that transfers the load from the rafters to the walls of the building;
- racks - supporting parts that support the rafter system in a vertical position;
- floor beams - planks that form half of the attic and the ceiling of the lower floor;
- rafters - slats that form the main contour of the roof;
- runs - horizontal support parts for rafters;
- lathing - slats or plywood sheets that are intended for laying roofing material;
- filly - planks that are attached along the axis at the bottom of the rafter legs.
The frame consists of a mauerlat, racks, girders, floor beams and other elements The sloping roof differs from the usual design with two slopes. The difference is that the slopes that are placed opposite each other have a special shape: they do not form a straight line, but consist of several slopes that are fastened to one another at an obtuse angle. The design is also symmetrical.
The extreme part of the rafters is mainly exposed at an angle of about 60 °. Racks for support, which hold the rafters, form the frame structure of the inner walls. The upper part of the rafters is mounted at a small angle, it can be from 15 to 45 °. This makes it possible to reduce the consumption of materials, while maintaining the functional properties of the roof and resistance to snow loads.
Vertical racks, which abut against floor planks, girders and crossbars fastening them, form a parallelepiped. The design limits the dimensions of the attic from the inside. To give the product additional rigidity, struts should be installed between the floor slats and the lower rafter legs.
If the roof span is more than 8 m, then you will need to install struts After mounting the upper elements to fix the truss and prevent sagging of the crossbars, it is necessary to install suspended support elements - headstocks. For auxiliary fixation of the lower rafter legs, they must be pulled together with racks using tacks. Parts are fastened with nails and bolts.
Stages of self-construction of the attic
If it is decided to make such a design yourself, it is important to provide for the use of such materials in the project:
- roofing material;
- vapor barrier;
- waterproofing;
- material for insulation.
The choice of insulation affects such a parameter as the pitch of the rafters. To reduce the amount of heat insulator, it is best to place the rafters so that the slab or mat fits snugly between them. The type of lathing and its pitch will depend on the choice of material for covering the roof. You need to pay attention not only to the choice of high-quality material for insulation, but also to the creation of an effective ventilation system.
Ventilation is equipped by preparing technological gaps The construction of the rafter system must be carried out using fireproof materials. All parts should be treated with fire protection. You will need to prepare the following elements:
- wooden bars with a section of 100x50 mm;
- slats 50x150 mm;
- unedged boards;
- building level;
- self-tapping screws;
- nails;
- steel wire with a diameter of 4–5 mm;
- plumb;
- roulette;
- hacksaw;
- axe;
- a hammer;
- sharp knife.
Drafting a project
One of the most important parts of the job is drafting a project. It is very important to analyze the features of the layout of a private house. It is necessary to determine the dimensions and shape of the structure being erected, as well as to provide for the placement of windows and a balcony.
All structural elements should be marked on the project In the process of drawing up a project, the following requirements must be taken into account:
- It is important to decide in advance what height the attic should be. It should be remembered that the distance from the floor base to the highest point of the structure must be at least 0.5 m.
- It is recommended to take into account the heating area and the main elements of the interior.
- The attic scheme should be expanded. If you plan to install windows, then they must be indicated on the drawing.
Drawing up a drawing must begin with the choice of shape, determining the cross section of the rafter legs and the step of their placement. To determine the size of the rafters, the following parameters must be taken into account:
- slope;
- roofing material;
- climate features in the construction region.
It is also important to provide for the required number of rafters in the project. They can be layered or hanging type.
Rafters can be hanging or layered At the end, you should determine the number of parts for fixing. In the figure below you can see some of the data needed for the calculation, however, drafting a project is a complex process. This work is recommended to be entrusted to qualified specialists.
Mauerlat installation
The device of the mansard roof rafter system should be selected based on the type of roof, as well as on the prepared project of the attic. A simple option is a design with two slopes.
The main details of the roof truss system with two slopes are:
- linear elements (column, bar system, beam);
- planar details (plate, flooring, panel);
- spatial elements (arch, shell, three-dimensional detail).
Before performing work, you will need to dry the wood thoroughly. The first step is the marking and installation of the Mauerlat. It is attached to the walls of the building. The part can be made from a bar or a powerful rail. If it is planned to build a roof with two slopes, then the Mauerlat is laid on the long walls of the building. The element is necessary not only for reliable fixation of the lower part of the rafters, but also for the correct division of the load on the walls and the main part of the building.
To fix the Mauerlat, metal studs should be used, which are mounted in a monolithic concrete beam.
To fix the Mauerlat, you need to install metal studs The beam should be carried out in the upper part of the wall. It is also possible to use steel wire embedded in brickwork.
To fix the Mauerlat to the upper crown of the wooden wall, you need to use wooden dowels. auerlat requires high-quality waterproofing of timber timber. Therefore, it is necessary to use roofing felt or other material with a water-repellent property.
Before installing the Mauerlat, the base must be covered with roofing material Mauerlat installation is required if it is planned to erect a roof frame, the rafters of which rest against the upper part of the wall with beveled ends or prepared cutouts.
If you plan to make an attic, the width of which corresponds to the width of the building, the rafter legs should rest with their lower ends against the extended support parts. As supports, it is possible to use powerful beams laid across long walls. The number of supporting elements corresponds to the number of rafters. The beams must be fixed to the walls in the same way as the Mauerlat.
Sequencing:
Frame construction
The frame of the mansard roof consists of floor beams, rafters, girders and racks Softwood bars 200x100 mm are often used as a material. Floor slats are placed on top of the Mauerlat with a 30–50 cm indent beyond the surface of the walls or in prepared grooves in the masonry. In the first case, the parts are fixed with the help of corners and self-tapping screws.
Fixing the beam to the Mauerlat can be done using steel corners To make an even overlap, the strips should be installed in this sequence:
- First of all, the extreme details are laid according to the level.
- Next, pull the cord and install intermediate elements along it.
- The step of the beams should be from 60 to 100 cm. A distance of 60 cm makes it possible to mount insulation boards without sawing.
- To level the beams in height, they can be hemmed. Another option is to use plank linings.
- If the beams are inserted into prepared pockets, their extreme parts must be treated with liquid waterproofing and wrapped with roofing material.
Racks must be placed on the extreme slats:
After installing the racks, crossbars and girders, you can get a reliable design that will limit the interior rooms of the attic. To increase its strength, in the future it should be fixed with struts and tacks.
Installation of rafters
At this stage, the installation of the lower rafters is carried out:
After that, the upper elements are installed:
- The first step is to mark the central part of the roof. This can be done using a rack that was previously attached to the Mauerlat and puff from the end of the roof. The extreme part of the board should run along the center of the roof. On this board you need to align the rafter legs.
- Next, you need to prepare a template from a 150x25 mm rail. It should be applied to the extreme part of the mounted rail at the required level and to the run on which the lower rafter legs will rest.
- You should mark the top and bottom cuts and cut out the template. The device is applied in turn to two sides of the roof. This will make it possible to check the accuracy of the layout of the central part. If the rows of racks are placed in parallel, then there will be no difficulties in fixing the upper elements - they will have identical dimensions.
- According to the preparation, it is necessary to prepare the required number of rafters. The parts are placed on the runs and connected in the upper parts with the help of overhead iron plates or scraps of planks. In the latter case, self-tapping screws are used as fasteners. In the run, the rafters rest against the cuts and are seized with iron corners. In order for the parts to stand straight, they are fastened with struts mounted on the bottom of the puffs. All rafters are installed in this way.
- Suspension racks are fixed - pieces of planks 150x25 mm. The upper part of the rail is attached at the place where the rafters are fixed, the lower part is attached to the tightening.
Video: mansard roof truss system
Installation of struts and gables
Sequencing:
Construction lathing
The crate is needed for:
- distribution and transfer of the weight of the roofing material to the rafters;
- performing additional fastening of the rafter system;
- grounds for fixing roofing material.
The crate can be made in one or two layers, solid or with a vacuum.
The crate can be solid or with a vacuum The installation method depends on what material is planned to be used to cover the structure. If a roof of slate or metal tiles is being erected, the lathing should be made of slats, which are attached to the bars of the rafter legs with nails. In this case, the installation step of adjacent planks can be 27–30 cm.
A solid crate is used in the case of fastening soft material in rolls.
A solid crate is necessary for a soft roof
In this case, moisture-resistant plywood sheets or particle boards can be used. It is allowed to use pine wood material - edged planks.
It is important to take into account the fact that when constructing such a crate, the material to be laid must follow the contours of the outer base. Therefore, the frame structure must be strong and leveled.
In the process of laying out the material, you should use a cord with which the slats or slabs will lie flat. Parts must be placed parallel to each other. Before fixing, the material must be treated with an antiseptic composition to protect it from decay, fungus and dampness. The blanks must be even and of high quality. It is recommended to give preference to wood grades 1 and 2. It should not have knots. To prevent the boards from warping, they must first be dried.
The sequence of actions for installing the crate:
Mansard roof waterproofing
The material for the roof does not have thermal insulation properties, so you will need to prepare a quality material that will be environmentally friendly for human health. Quite often, mineral wool or glass wool is used. Both materials have excellent sound and heat insulation parameters. It is also important to consider that if the roof is made of metal, when the insulation gets wet, all its qualities can be reduced to zero. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the device design.
It will not work to insulate the attic without laying waterproofing material, so the process should be considered as a whole. Step by step guide to waterproofing a structure:
Practice has shown that it is better to protect the insulation with the help of modern materials, for example, Tyvek or Izospan. The use of ordinary polyethylene film gives a poor result, as condensation may appear. Experienced craftsmen believe that it is not necessary to waterproof the structure with roofing material.
Before proceeding to work, it is necessary to decide on the heat-insulating material.
Mineral wool is a fairly popular material used for roof insulation. The most commonly used heat insulators are:
- glass wool;
- mineral wool;
- Styrofoam;
- foamed glass;
- wood shavings;
- straw.
It is necessary to choose a material taking into account four parameters.
- Thermal conductivity index. For roof insulation, 0.05 W/m*K or less is optimal.
- Water resistance. The higher the score, the better.
- Fire resistant.
- Environmental Safety.
The insulating qualities of mineral wool deteriorate significantly after a while. Also, the material can be damaged under the influence of mechanical loads. However, mineral wool has a low cost, so the material is used quite often. Polyfoam is not afraid of water and has excellent thermal insulation characteristics. If you plan to build a house only from environmentally friendly materials, then you can use foam glass or straw.
Roof insulation step by step guide:
Laying roofing material and installation of window openings
As an example, the installation of metal tiles will be considered, since this material is used quite often:
The number of windows is determined by the ratio of the usable glazing area to the floor base 1:10. For example, if the attic area is 100 m 2, then the glazing should be approximately 10 m 2. When installing windows, it is necessary to take into account such nuances:
Attic decoration
The interior decoration of the attic can be done with wood or plasterboard sheets. If the latter option is used, then after installation, the sheets must be pasted over with wallpaper or painted with water-based paint. In some cases, the attic is divided into several rooms. This can be done using plasterboard partitions.
If you plan to use the attic often, then the floor and walls can be additionally insulated. This can be done using, for example, mineral wool.
Interesting design options for the attic room
The attic can be made cozy by symmetrically placing sofas on both sides In the attic, you can place a long sofa In the attic, you can arrange a place to relax by hanging a hammock In the attic, you can make not only a living space, but also a bathroom On the attic floor, you can even make a kitchen If on the territory there is no way to place a hammock, then this can be done on the attic floor One of the parts of the attic can be completely glazed The attic can be a great place to create a home library The walls of the attic can be faced with brick In the attic you can equip a full-fledged living room On the attic floor you can equip a relaxation room If the house is located in a beautiful area, the roof can be made panoramic The bed can be positioned facing the window In the attic you can make a bedroom with high ceilings In the attic you can place a hanging chair. This will make the roof more comfortable
Video: making a mansard roof
Recently, a mansard-type roof is quite popular among owners of private houses. In order to feel all the positive aspects of living in a building of this type, it is required to pay due attention to the insulation of the building.
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The attic design of the attic space allows not only to increase the living space of the house, but also to make the structure unusual and beautiful. Moreover, a building with this type of roof can be made in almost any style. A mansard-type roof, the variants of which can be very different, is found both in urban areas and in rural areas. Consider how to create such a design yourself, and find out what its features are.
Mansard roof - options
Such a roof has a special design of slopes, usually consisting of an upper sloping part and a steeper lower one. Thanks to this shape, a fairly spacious room appears inside, which can be used as an attic or even turn into a very cozy living room.
The history of mansards began in the 17th century, such a design of roofs was invented by the architect Francois Mansart - such a roof was named after his last name. But this Frenchman was far from being the first to implement the idea of economical use of the attic floor of the house. The mansard roof was first built by Pierre Lescaut, also a Frenchman who worked on the construction of such famous buildings as the Louvre and Notre Dame de Paris.
On a note! In the 19th century, poor people usually lived on the attic floors, but now this floor can appear in housing and is quite wealthy.
Now attics are quite often built during the construction of country houses or small two-story cottages, but the idea may well be implemented when creating other types of buildings. The attic has several advantages:
- building a house with an attic is cheaper than with two full floors and a roof;
- foundation costs during the construction of such a structure are also reduced;
- the attic can significantly increase the living space of any building;
- it gives the house an unusual and beautiful look;
- it is not difficult to build a structure, the work can be completed quite quickly;
- the attic is always associated with comfort;
- a house with an attic is warmer by reducing heat loss through the roof.
But lofts also have several disadvantages. This type of attic space has sloping ceilings, which results in a small wall height, which makes it difficult to choose furniture. Also, the roof must be well mounted so as not to leak and release heat from the house - you will have to spend money on good hydro- and heat-insulating materials. Yes, and building attics is still more difficult than, for example, the usual gable roof.
Design features
The attic is a universal element. It was used both for ordinary houses and for the construction of country houses, often this type of attic space was chosen even for the construction of palaces. Of course, it could decorate workshops, commercial buildings, etc. And despite the fact that different materials were used for its construction, different styles were chosen, the attic still remained an attic - it has certain design features.
So, this building can have a different geometric shape - triangular, broken, have symmetrical or, conversely, geometrically complex and non-standard slopes. It can be located both along the entire width of the building, and only on one side of it relative to the longitudinal axis.
Bar prices
On a note! If the roof is broken, then the lower part will have very steep slopes with an angle of inclination of about 60-70 degrees, and on the top slopes, on the contrary, will be gentle (about 15-30 degrees).
But whatever the attic, it will be located within the walls of the main building. Relative to the outer walls, the attic may be somewhat wider, but then it relies on the extensions of the ceilings. If the offset is large, then you will have to install additional supports (for example, columns, walls, etc.).
The height of the attic roof cannot be less than 2.5 m, otherwise it will not work to make a spacious room under it. Windows, which also need to be provided here, will be manufactured using special technologies using tempered durable glass and a reliable frame. They will cost several times more than usual. And load-bearing structures can be made of reinforced concrete, metal or wood. But in the case of the latter, it is important to carefully consider fire safety measures.
The mansard roof is a multilayer structure, which complicates installation. It can be insulated completely or only in the area of \u200b\u200bthe presence of a living room - where there is heating. But in any case, the design of the attic implies the presence of rafters, a ridge, directly roofing material, heat and waterproofing, and a vapor barrier layer. An interfloor overlap will act as a base under the roof.
Mansard roof rafters must have good bearing capacity. The cross section of the materials used will depend on the angle of the roof slope and cannot be less than 5x15 cm at a step of 100 cm. If the slope angle is 45 degrees, then a step of 140 cm is maintained.
Attention! In areas where it often snows and the amount of precipitation is high, it is recommended to install rafters with a step of no more than 80 cm.
If the attic is to be used as a living space, it is important to consider that in this case there is a risk of a large amount of condensate forming under the roof. Because of this, pockets of mold may appear inside the structure, a fungus may develop, etc. The presence of a large amount of moisture will also negatively affect the insulating properties of the material. That is why it is important to follow all the rules for installing a mansard roof, and the heat-insulating material must be reliably protected from moisture ingress, not only from the outside, but also from the inside, that is, a layer of vapor barrier material is also located on this side.
Important! Do not forget about the creation of roofing products that will allow air to circulate calmly inside the roof structure and help remove condensate.
Types of mansard roofs
There are 4 main types of mansard roofs, which differ from each other in design features. They can be divided into single-level and two-level. The former are the simplest in execution, usually combined with a broken or gable roof with a slope angle of 35-45 degrees. The second ones involve the arrangement of two rooms at different levels. Here a system of mixed supports is used.
On a note! When building an attic under a gable roof, the height of the walls can be no more than 1.5 m, followed by sloping ceilings. With a broken roof, the height of the ceiling along the perimeter near the walls is up to 2.5 m.
When building a house, you can stop at one of the types of attics - a single-level attic when arranging a gable roof, single-level with a broken roof, with remote consoles, or a two-level with a special mixed type of support.
Table. The main types of attics.
| Type of | Description |
|---|---|
| In this case, the attic has one level and is equipped under a conventional gable roof. The simplest option, in the design of which you can not use complex calculations. Precipitation with a gable simple roof comes off on its own, there is no need to equip any additional elements. |
| In this case, the attic also has one level, but the truss system is performed differently. Formed, as it were, four slopes of the roof. A much more spacious room can fit under it, but creating such a roof is more difficult. |
| Of the single-level attics, this is the most difficult option. Here the room under the roof is even more spacious. Usually in this case, the attic room is shifted to one of the edges of the house. This design allows you to make large vertical windows on one side. The main disadvantages are the complex shape, the complexity of construction. But on the other hand, under the edge of such an attic, you can make a functional canopy, where a terrace, garage or other extension can be located. |
| The most difficult option is the attic, since at least two rooms under the roof are located here, located at different levels. Such a design, when designing a house, immediately enters into its structure. |
The mansard roof can also have a balcony. It is created on the principle of building a window. The main thing is that the bearing capacity of the walls allows you to equip it. By the way, columns can also support the balcony, but in this case it is built above the entrance.
Types of rafters for attics
Roof trusses can be of two types - and layered. You will have to choose between them depending on the method of attachment to the walls of the house. Hanging ones are simpler and are usually used for houses that do not have an average load-bearing wall. The rafters rest only on the main walls of the house, without intermediate supports. The width of the span between the walls cannot be large - usually it does not exceed 6 m. If the span is larger (over 9 m), then the arrangement of struts and attendants will be required.
Rafter rafters are usually used when creating houses with two spans, that is, those that have a load-bearing wall in the middle. In this case, the rafters have three points of support - directly this wall, as well as the main ones along the perimeter of the house.
Material for the manufacture of the truss system
Rafters can be made of metal, reinforced concrete or wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Wooden rafters are environmentally friendly, they are easy to work with, easily adjusted to the desired size. But wooden structures are afraid of excess moisture and are prone to the formation of mold and fungus on them.
On a note! Before construction, wooden materials are recommended to be treated with protective compounds that will extend their service life.
Metal and reinforced concrete structures can not be covered with such compounds - fungus and mold do not appear on them. Due to this, they are considered more reliable and durable. But the main disadvantage is that, if necessary, it will be difficult to adjust them to the desired dimensions on the spot, and the slightest error in the calculations can lead to the roof being skewed. Also, a master working with reinforced concrete or metal rafters may face other difficulties - this is a large mass of products, which forces the use of special equipment even to lift elements.
Difficulties and features of the arrangement of the attic roof
When designing and building a mansard roof, a number of design features should be taken into account, on the basis of which a number of work rules are formed. For example, the Mauerlat must be fixed very securely with anchor bolts. It is he who will experience the maximum load, which means that he will hold the entire roof on himself. Anchors are additionally recommended to be walled up with a cement mixture if the main walls of the house are made of stone, brick and other similar materials.
It is also important to remember about the correct design and layers of the roof. For example, mansard roofs cannot be covered with metal roofing materials. They get very hot and it will be too hot on the top floor in summer, there can simply be no question of any comfort of living. It is not recommended to use roofing material as a waterproofing material - when heated, it begins to smell specifically. It is best to cover the mansard roof with slate or soft tiles. For thermal insulation, it is usually recommended to purchase mineral wool, which is laid with a waterproofing film on both sides.
The construction of the attic is a very important process that is carried out both at the design stage of the entire house and after its construction. This room provides its owners with additional square meters of living space. On the features of the construction of the attic, we will consider further.
Attic construction: project and its development
The attic is a rather difficult part of the building to build. It is preferable to design it at the stage of building the house itself. Because, the construction of a residential attic already on a finished building is not always possible. First of all, due to the fact that the attic room has a considerable weight, and therefore loads the foundation.
The construction of the attic consists of a certain kind of stages, such as:
- attic construction blueprints;
- dismantling of old roofing materials, in the event that the attic is being built on an already finished building;
- strengthening the walls on the upper floor, strengthening the foundation, if necessary;
- erection of the walls of the attic room;
- roof construction, its insulation, waterproofing and finishing;
- installation of window structures;
- internal finishing works.
Compliance with all technological nuances in the construction of the attic will allow you to get a reliable and durable building.
The first and most important stage is the drafting of an attic room. At this stage, one should take into account such features as the size of the room, the material used in its construction, the roof and the level of its slope, and many other nuances.
There are three ways to design an attic. The first is the most budgetary, drawing up a project manually. However, this operation requires minimal design experience. The second way is to use ready-made project documentation, however, it’s not a fact that someone’s attic project is completely suitable for your home, so you still have to make some adjustments to it. The third way is to contact specialized organizations that, in the shortest possible time, will help you draw up an attic project for you, which is ideal for your home.
In the process of independent design, one should take into account the wall loads on the building, its appearance and finishing materials used both inside and outside the premises. In addition, it is imperative to take into account the load from the building on the foundation, it may need to be strengthened. If the attic is too heavy, then there is a risk of deformation or cracks in the house.
Experts will help you choose the best building materials, which, on the one hand, will ensure the durability of the attic in operation, and on the other hand, will help reduce its load on the base of the entire building.
In addition, after drawing up the project, it should be coordinated with special state institutions. In the presence of a competent project, this process will pass quite quickly.
Do-it-yourself attic construction in the house
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the option of building an attic in an already built and commissioned residential building. In this case, the first step is to dismantle the old roof. Thus, it will be possible to expand the under-roof space, and increase the safety of the building under construction.
To dismantle the roof, it is not necessary to hire specialists, all work can be done by hand. To do this, you must first get rid of the external roofing finishing material. Next, you need to completely remove the crate and truss system.
After that, it is necessary to strengthen the walls on the adjacent floor, since the attic will exert a certain pressure on them. The design features of the attic put pressure not only on the surface of the base of the building, but also on its walls. Therefore, first of all, before the construction of the attic, it is necessary to strengthen the walls that lie close to it. To do this, you should use special calculations, according to which this process is performed and the level of strength of old walls is determined.
The next stage is the insulation and waterproofing of the attic floor, which is also the ceiling on the previous floor. With the help of this action, it will be possible to ensure a healthy atmosphere in the room. To insulate the attic, you can use various heat-insulating materials in the form of foam, mineral wool, etc.
Attic construction photo:
This is followed by the process of building walls in the attic room. The walls are made in relation to the project developed in advance. Most often, wood or timber is used to build walls. To insulate the attic, it is recommended to use mineral wool or expanded polystyrene. When choosing a material for exterior and interior wall decoration, try to give preference to materials with a high level of fire safety.
The next process is the construction of the roof. In this case, the calculation of the correct angle of inclination of the roof is very important. Since too sloping roof will adversely affect the usability of the attic space. Please note that the roof must be properly waterproofed, since if there are the slightest leaks on its surface, moisture enters the attic.
In addition, the shape of the roof should be as simple as possible, the presence of broken and curly elements will only complicate the process of their construction. Also important is the issue of insulation of the attic. For these purposes, various building materials are used. When choosing a heater for the attic, try to give preference to materials that do not absorb moisture, are resistant to frost, temperature extremes and rodents. In addition, the heat-insulating material should not allow heat to pass from the room.
It is best to focus on internal thermal insulation work. To form it, follow a series of steps:
- install the finish in the form of a plasterboard or plywood base;
- form a layer of vapor barrier; special films are used for these purposes;
- lay heat-insulating material - the ideal solution is mineral wool;
- ensure proper waterproofing of the roof with a special kind of membranes;
- lay the outer finishing roofing material.
To build a roof, you will also need to install a truss system, mount a crate, the installation step of which depends on the type of roofing material. After the installation of the roof is completed, the windows should be mounted.
In order to provide high-quality lighting in the room, several windows should be installed in it, the size of which directly depends on the size of the attic itself. The window in the attic ceiling must be of high quality. It must be resistant to precipitation, wind, temperature changes. In addition, with the help of window structures, high-quality ventilation of the attic is provided.
Further actions for the construction of the attic are associated with interior finishing work, organization of heating, decoration and design of the room. Strict adherence to all recommendations for the construction of the attic will help ensure the long-term operation of this room.
Frame attic construction technology
A frame attic is a great solution for any home, garage and even a bathhouse. Among the advantages of frame-type attics, we note:
- ease of construction, so it does not load the main building, there is no need for additional strengthening of the walls and base;
- affordable cost of the attic - in comparison with its stone options;
- high level of thermal insulation and sound insulation;
- the possibility of building an attic of almost any shape and configuration;
- ease of construction work, since the materials for the construction are quite light and no special equipment is required to raise them to the surface of the house.
The construction of a frame attic allows you to get a finished building with excellent heat and sound insulation performance. In addition, the roof will remain intact, and the usable area of the premises will increase significantly.
A simpler process is the construction of an attic on a building that has not yet been erected. The construction of an attic on an already finished house requires the dismantling of the old roofing. Work should begin by studying the characteristics of the soil on the site and determining the bearing capacity of the foundation. If the foundation is not able to withstand the attic, then it will be necessary to carry out a number of works aimed at strengthening it.
Next, you should examine the walls of the house for their susceptibility to additional loads. In this case, if necessary, it is necessary to strengthen the walls. After that, the old roof is dismantled and the ceiling is strengthened.
The construction of a wooden attic consists of the following stages:
- production of a frame system;
- wall installation;
- performance of attic wall insulation;
- installation work related to the installation of the roof;
- attic finishing with roofing materials and roof insulation;
- interior decoration of the attic.
In addition, the construction of an attic involves the installation of window and door structures, the manufacture and installation of stairs, etc.
In order to carry out the construction of an attic from a bar, it is necessary to prepare an edged board, plywood, self-tapping screws and the bar itself. The frame structure should be comfortable in height for the movement of an average person. The optimal height of the attic is at least two meters. The height of the ridge zone should be about 350 cm.
The easiest way is to assemble the frame on the ground, and then raise it to the roof. The top beam or frame frame will act as a hearth in the attic. To fix the frame structure on the surface of the house, special plates or plywood are used. Thus, it is possible to obtain a special platform. The knots and quality of fastening depends on the material from which the walls of the attic are made. Self-tapping screws are used to connect the timber in the upper part of the structure. After the frame walls are made, the roof should be thermally insulated and waterproofed. After that, external and internal wall cladding is performed, windows and doors are mounted, internal finishing work is carried out.
When planning an attic, you should carefully analyze the general condition of the main building. The attic can be one room or will consist of several rooms. At the design stage, the design and shape of windows, as well as their location, should also be taken into account.
The attic should be built from lightweight, but at the same time durable materials. Since the materials should easily rise to the roof and exert a minimum load on the base of the building.
The most optimal materials for building an attic are wood or steel profiles. An attic made of stone or concrete will load the main building. Roofing materials should also be lightweight, but at the same time durable and reliable. It is preferable to use shingles or piece metal for roofing. We recommend using plasterboard for interior wall decoration and for leveling them.
Since the attic is located above the main building, it is more in contact with cold air. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure proper thermal insulation of this room. The heated air in the room should not penetrate through the insulation. In addition, in order to prevent moisture from entering the room, it is necessary to ensure its waterproofing.
In relation to the design features of the attic, it consists of a system of rafters, which is installed in compliance with a step of sixty centimeters. To fill the gaps between the rafter system, it is recommended to install heat-insulating materials such as mineral wool inside them. It is possible to lay insulation in one, two or even three layers. To calculate the total thickness of the thermal insulation material, the total heat loss coefficient in the room should be taken into account. To protect the roof from the inside of the room, a vapor barrier should be installed. Next, you should finish the roof with drywall, lining or finishing panels.
Do not forget to leave a ventilation gap, the main function of which will be to get rid of excess moisture in the under-roof space. The width of this gap depends on the type of roofing material. A vapor-permeable wind protection should be installed on the outside of the thermal insulation material.
An excellent vapor barrier material is polyethylene film, glassine or roofing material. The insulation is laid with an overlap of 15 cm. Construction tape is used to glue the seams. Please note that foil waterproofing is laid with a foil coating inside the room. Thus, the foil will reflect the heat that comes from the room.
Attic construction video:
Modern people try to use the area of their home as efficiently as possible. Therefore, the proposal to equip additional space under the roof is always met with enthusiasm. It is much easier to plan the construction of an attic at the stage of building a house, but you can make an additional superstructure above the old building.
How to make an attic on an old house
The presence of an attic not only increases the living space, but also gives the building a colorful look.
The attic turns a country house into a fabulous building
An old house can be updated by building a superstructure in accordance with existing standards.
The attic superstructure begins with calculations of the strength of the old house
First you need to decide whether the existing foundation and walls can withstand the load of the attic floor and the new roof. If they have a sufficient margin of safety, then you can start remodeling the house. Otherwise, they should be strengthened.
Old brick walls sometimes seem strong, but with additional stress, cracks may appear in the mortar over time. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately consider their condition, and, if necessary, tie them with a rigid belt. This is done as follows:
- metal poles with a section of 10x10 cm are inserted into the foundation with the lower edge, and connected with the armored belt of the first floor with the upper edge. Installed around the perimeter of the house every 2 meters;
- metal fittings with a cross section of 12 mm are placed in strakes and tie the house along the walls: from the bottom of the window every 2 meters up;
- a metal mesh with a cell size of 2x2 cm is laid on top of the reinforcement, which, after completion of all work, is covered with plaster.
Strengthening the foundation is carried out by tying with a reinforcing belt from all sides.
If the old foundation cannot withstand the attic, then it must be sheathed with reinforcement
Having decided on the strengthening of the building, you can proceed to the choice of the project of the future superstructure. It should look harmonious against the background of other buildings and match the style of the whole house.
The type of mansard roof will determine the calculation of the dimensions of the inner upper room and the necessary materials for construction
There are several types of attics:
- single-level with a gable roof - low ceilings with a small living space;
A single-level attic with a gable roof is the simplest type of superstructure for small buildings
- single-level with a sloping gable roof - increased interior space, but serious costs and time for construction;
A single-level attic with a broken gable roof is usually built on a brick house
- single-level with cantilever extensions - a complex structure that allows you to get even more area, since the attic frame extends beyond the building, and the windows are installed vertically;
A single-level attic with cantilever extensions allows you to get a lot of internal space by increasing the upper structure
- multi-level with mixed roof support - used in the construction of a new house, built only by specialists.
A multi-level attic with a mixed roof support on old houses is usually not installed due to the complexity and large amount of work.
Video: converting half of the old roof into an attic - an easy way
Alteration of the roof under the attic is a relatively cheap way to increase living space. In a private house, a pitched roof is usually placed, so you can make an additional spacious and bright room with your own hands.
Internal wood paneling makes the attic warm and bright
And if the house is large enough in length, then the attic can turn into a real floor: with several rooms and even a balcony.
A large attic allows you to divide the area into different residential areas
Advantages of creating an attic:
- the possibility of arranging one or more new living rooms;
An attic with low ceilings under a gable roof is most conveniently furnished with low sunbeds
- low costs compared to the construction of a full-fledged floor or a side extension to the house;
- renovation of the exterior of the building;
A house with an attic under construction always attracts the eyes of passers-by and is interested in the final result.
- the opportunity to observe a beautiful view from the attic window.
A lot of sunlight comes through the windows in the attic, illuminating the room all day
However, this solution also has certain disadvantages that must also be taken into account:
- the need for insulation and soundproofing of the ceiling and a new roof, the installation of several double-glazed windows;
- the difficulty of conducting additional heating and lighting in the upper part of the old house - you will have to combine it with home wiring or use an autonomous connection;
To heat the attic with access to the balcony, you can use a potbelly stove
- layout of a part of the home space under the stairs leading to the attic;
The stairs leading to the attic must be fenced for safety.
- the need to purchase special furniture for a sloping roof or purchase squat models: low cabinets, sofas and tables.
Low furniture is best suited for attic interiors
The presence of sloping walls makes the room unusual and romantic, but with this decision you will have to take a more responsible approach to design development. You can make furniture for an inclined superstructure yourself or assemble a single complex from existing multi-level models, painting everything in one color.
Furniture that repeats the slope of the attic can be made independently
So, the main disadvantage of converting an attic into an attic is the need to invest, but it's worth it.
Building an attic will cost much less than creating an additional floor, regardless of what materials will be used to build the walls. Indeed, to create them, you will need the main material, insulation and decoration, while for the attic superstructure you only need roofing insulation and a new truss system.
The superstructure is made in a symmetrical or asymmetrical shape. Internal walls are designed both inclined and vertical.
Having studied the schemes of single-level attics with different types of roofs, it is easier to make a choice when planning
Alteration of the attic into an attic does not require the dismantling of all existing structures. But you need to make sure that the ceiling is reliable: check its condition, reinforce it with wooden or metal beams, sheathe it with a new board. Then it will be able to withstand the weight of furniture and people.
For frequent climbing to the attic, you will need to make a comfortable staircase, provide for the installation of ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, and perform interior decoration - all this will create a cozy and comfortable room.
The sloping roof superstructure, decorated in light colors, visually enlarges the space, while splashes of color add brightness to the interior.
When building an attic floor, the following conditions must be met:
- rafters are made of glued timber with a thickness of at least 250 mm so that the required amount of insulation can be laid;
- foamed polystyrene is used for insulation due to its low weight and high thermal insulation characteristics;
- a gap is left between the thermal insulation and the roofing material to provide natural ventilation;
- a hydro- and sound-proof layer must be laid.
Alteration of the roof under the attic do it yourself
During the construction of a house, there is usually not enough money, so many refuse to build a second floor. Or another situation may arise when an old one-story house of a small area is purchased along with the site. In both cases, there is an affordable option for increasing the place to live - do-it-yourself restructuring of the attic space into an attic.
Create a project
Before starting work, you need to draw up a plan and develop a project with accurate drawings. The correct calculation will allow you to get a cozy, durable and reliable room. You can perform all the calculations yourself or entrust it to specialists.
You can draw a plan and develop a draft design yourself by studying various options on the Internet
Strengthening the walls and foundation may be necessary in the event of a complete replacement of the rafters. If the roof is partially redone, then reinforcement may be needed only for overlapping. You also need to immediately decide what types of windows will be used in the attic: the reinforcement in the truss system will depend on this.
The location of all windows in the attic roof must be thought out in advance and this data entered into the project plan
truss system
Rafters can be layered or hanging. The former rest on the inner walls of the house or additional supports, and the latter on the outer walls.
In the attic, layered and hanging rafters are used.
Hanging rafters are best suited for the attic.
An attic with hanging rafters looks prettier and wins in the size of the internal area
The attic usually occupies the entire space of the attic, and its walls are combined with the outer ones.
The best option for creating an attic is a layered truss system.
The rafter system consists of different load-bearing bars. To understand the structure of the entire structure and build it correctly, you need to understand the purpose and operation of its individual elements.
The image of the individual elements of the truss system helps to understand the structure of the entire structure
Refurbishment of the premises
With a sufficient height of the attic, the truss system does not need to be redone. It is enough to inspect the old rafters, identify possible flaws and eliminate them.
If the truss system is in good condition, you can proceed to the arrangement of the floor. Insulation is first laid between the lags, after which the surface is sheathed with ordinary boards or sheets of OSB, chipboard.
The floor in the attic is insulated and covered with boards
Before laying the insulation, all necessary communications are mounted between the rafters, places are cut in the roof for installing windows. carried out before warming.
All wires and pipes of communications must be placed in special corrugations
Care must be taken to create natural ventilation of the under-roof space through the vents so that moisture does not accumulate inside the room.
Roof insulation
It is necessary to insulate the roof correctly and efficiently - the microclimate under the roof will depend on this. Typically, mineral wool, polystyrene foam or sprayed polyurethane foam is used as insulation.
A thick layer of heat insulator is tightly laid and fixed between the rafters so that there are no gaps or gaps anywhere. On the upper part of the roof - between the roof and the insulation - waterproofing is mounted, then heat-insulating material is laid from the side of the room. Then from the inside the insulation is covered with a vapor barrier film.
For better ventilation, a small distance is left between the roofing material and the insulation: this is how air circulates through the holes in the cornice and ridge. If the roof is covered with corrugated sheets, then the thickness of the gap should be 25 mm, if with flat material, then it should be increased to 50 mm.
When creating attic thermal insulation, it is necessary to strictly observe the sequence of layers
When planning an ascent to the attic, you need to take care of the convenience and safety of movement. Therefore, the ladder is usually mounted inside the house. It is constructed from wood or metal: it can be either a screw or a marching structure.
The staircase to the attic can be of different types and designs, which allows it to fit into any interior.
An opening is cut in the ceiling of the first floor, which is reinforced along the perimeter with metal or wooden strapping.
The design of the stairs to the attic must be durable, reliable, safe and beautiful.
Interior decoration
For wall cladding, in most cases, gypsum boards are used, the seams between them are plastered. Wallpaper is glued on top or decorative plaster is applied. An alternative option is lining or natural wood.
If some rafters protrude through the walls into the attic, then they can be designed as decorative elements and even used as a horizontal bar for hanging a hammock, swing, chandelier and other fixtures.
The design of the visible parts of the rafters in the interior of the attic is an interesting and creative business.
It is not recommended to use heavy finishing materials in the attic, as they increase the load on the walls, ceiling and foundation of the building.
There are many options for interior decoration of the attic, but it is advisable to use only light materials.
To cover the floor, you can use a laminate or linoleum, and it is better to refuse tiles or porcelain stoneware.
Roof of the attic floor
The roof of a residential superstructure should consist of the following layers (in order - from the street to the interior):
Video: why and how to properly lay layers on the roof of the attic
Mansard roof calculations for a house
Determination of the total weight of the roof
To calculate the total weight of roofing materials, it is necessary to multiply the specific gravity of one square meter of coverage by the total area of the attic roof. To obtain the weight of one square meter, it is necessary to add up the specific gravity of all the materials that make up the roofing cake, and multiply it by the safety factor (1.1).
If the thickness of the lathing is 25 mm, then its specific gravity is 15 kg / m 2, a 10 cm thick insulation has a specific gravity of 10 kg / m 2, and ondulin roofing material has a weight of 3 kg / m 2. It turns out: (15 + 10 + 3) x1.1 \u003d 30.8 kg / m 2.
According to existing standards, the load on the ceiling in a residential building should not exceed 50 kg / m 2.
Roof area determination
To calculate the surface of a sloping roof, you need to break it into simple shapes (square, rectangle, trapezium, etc.) and determine their area, and then add everything up. To determine the surface of a gable roof, it is necessary to multiply the length by the width, multiply the resulting value by two.
Table: determination of the attic roof area
When calculating the angle of inclination, the climatic zone in which the house is located is taken into account, and that it is convenient to move in the attic in full growth
It is also necessary to calculate the slope of the roof. Usually the angle is 45–60 degrees, but when determining it, one must take into account the climatic zone in which the house is located, the type of attic construction, snow, wind loads, and the architectural design of the house.
The greater the angle of inclination of the roof, the less will be the load on the truss system, but the consumption of materials will increase.
Calculation of the truss system
When choosing a truss system, you can stop at the following options:
- hanging rafters;
- oblique type;
- skating run;
- combined design.
If the length of the roof is more than 4.5 m, then support runs and struts can be used for reinforcement. With a length of more than 7 meters, a ridge beam is installed.
For wooden rafters, a bar with a thickness of at least 70 mm is used. The step of their installation should be 50 cm.
On a large area, it is better to fix a metal truss system: due to the increase in the distance between the rafters, the absence of spacers and struts, the weight of such a structure will be less than that of a wooden one, and the strength will increase significantly.
If the attic area is large, then it is better to install metal rafters
Calculation of the required amount of materials
To carry out the calculation, you need to know the following parameters:
- width, thickness and pitch of the rafters;
- distance from the edge of the roof to the rafters;
- the size of the boards for the crate and the step between them;
- size, type of roofing material and overlap between its sheets;
- type of steam, hydro and thermal insulation material.
The roof is divided into simple shapes and the required amount of each of the materials is determined. For this, simple mathematical formulas are used.
The results obtained are converted into standard values: for wood - in cubic meters, for roofing materials, steam, hydro and thermal insulation - in square meters. And you can go to the store.
Common Mistakes
Most often, with self-calculation, errors are obtained during the determination of the required amount of insulation. If the climatic conditions are severe, then its volume will have to be increased, otherwise it will not be possible to create comfortable living conditions in the attic. The insulation is laid on the floor of the house, the walls of the gable and the slopes of the roof. But everywhere the thickness of the insulation can be different.
Video: calculation of a mansard roof with diagrams and loads
The attic floor allows you to get additional living space and gives the private house a modern attractive appearance. It is not difficult to create an attic with your own hands, you just need to draw up a project correctly, perform calculations and carry out high-quality installation of all materials. And the result will please the owners for a long time.
