Operating modes of RAM and installation rules. Operating modes of RAM and the advantages of these modes

Encyclopedia of Plants 21.10.2019

Encyclopedia of Plants

Often every user faces a lack of memory on a PC. There is little space for saving working materials, downloading movies, the computer does not play games at higher quality settings, it freezes, the Internet is slow, it is unbearable to spend time at the computer.

You can increase the performance of your PC by increasing the amount of random access memory (RAM). There are several options for how to do this. An excellent solution to this problem is to buy a new memory card that has enough free space for saving. But if the financial situation temporarily limits this possibility, then let's take a closer look at methods for increasing the amount of RAM without spending money.

Everything that does not fit in RAM is stored on the hard disk in the paging file. Usually, Windows automatically sets the amount of such a virtual cache, but if there is a shortage, it can be increased. To perform such an action, you do not have to be a programmer, just follow the instructions below:

Under the swap file, use a disk that has more free space. Do not select the system drive for this purpose.

Finding where virtual cache and paging is configured in Windows 8 is easy. Follow the descriptions below:

Use italics to open the menu and click the "Search" item.
In the right corner you will see a search box, enter system properties performance into it and press Enter.
The "Performance Options" window will appear, find the "Advanced" tab.
In the "Virtual memory" column, click on the "Change" button and from that moment we do everything the same as in the instructions above.

Increasing the virtual cache will not save you from problems with a lack of RAM, but will only slightly speed up your computer.

Expanding RAM using a flash drive

An excellent method for creating extra RAM space for a PC. It appeared recently, thanks to Ready Boost technology from Microsoft. Few people still resort to this method because of ignorance about this innovation.

The Ready Boost program allows you to expand the amount of computer RAM using free space on a flash drive or other external drive (SD card, SSD drive), which acts as an additional cache device containing information.

Increasing the OP using the Ready Boost program has its own requirements, if the flash card does not meet them, then the program will not be installed. Primary requirements:

write speed 1.75 MB/sec, 512 kb blocks;
read speed of at least 2.5 MB / s, blocks of 512 kb;
The minimum free space on a flash drive is 256 megabytes.

Having picked up a suitable drive, you can start connecting a function that allows you not only to increase the amount of cache, but also to speed up your PC. Let's start:

Insert the selected drive into the system unit connector and go to the menu.
Among the list of drives, find the new connected device (flash drive), click in italics (right button).
In the table that appears, find the item "Properties". We press.
In the new table "Properties: Removable disk" look for the line Ready Boost, mark it with a checkmark, set the required amount of cache and confirm the action by clicking on the "OK" button.

After a while, wait until the system completes the settings for the updated parameters.

Increase RAM in BIOS settings

Most BIOS versions allow you to manually adjust the amount of RAM. In the BIOS, you can speed up the cache by lowering the timings, but after such manipulations, you need to test the system to avoid a malfunction.

First, we enter the BIOS. To do this, during system boot, you should press a combination of keys, most often it is Delete, F2 or Ctrl-Alt-Esc.
In the BIOS program menu, look for and click on the line Video Ram or, depending on the program, Shared Memory.
Next, find the line DRAM Read Timing and reduce the number of timings (cycles) in RAM. Fewer cycles means better system performance. Too much reduction will negatively affect the operation of the equipment, so do not overdo it.
When you have finished changing the memory configuration, save your settings and exit the BIOS.

Remember, increasing the RAM in the BIOS can change other settings.

Expandable with memory modules

This method of expanding the cache requires a little financial investment, but it is one hundred percent effective.
The motherboard has several cells for installing memory modules, which allows you to install not one, but several boards to increase the RAM on a PC.

If there is no material opportunity to buy a voluminous memory card, purchase an additional module and install it next to the existing RAM.

Installing modules is an effective way to increase RAM, but before buying, you should make sure that the motherboard has free connectors, as well as what standards it supports. There are several types of RAM, if you purchase the wrong one, the module will not fit into the motherboard connector. You can find out the type of PC RAM by the number on the board, which is already in the motherboard. There is no free connector, replace the old board with a new, more voluminous one.
Install the board carefully so as not to break anything. Insert the module until you hear a distinctive click, which means that it is securely fastened.

After that, turn on the computer and check the RAM data. There is more space for accumulation - everything went well, no, then turn off the power and try again.

The above methods will expand the amount of computer cache, improving its performance. But remember, carry out all the manipulations in the system carefully and slowly in order to avoid damage to the PC.

In contact with

Two 4 GB sticks in most cases work faster than one 8 GB stick - this is an example.

If you successfully selected and bought the RAM module you need, let's install it correctly in our computer. All parts inside the system unit do not require significant physical effort for their circulation, so relax a little. Before work, it will not be out of place to read the manual that came with your motherboard, it must have its own instructions for installing RAM.

Note: If you have a laptop, then read the article -.

First of all, we remove static electricity from ourselves, touch the unpainted parts of your system unit with our hands.

All actions are performed on a turned off computer. Disconnect the power cord from the electrical outlet. We remove the side cover of the system unit and find slots for RAM on the motherboard. Usually there are two to four. Each RAM slot has special latches on the edges on both sides, they must be carefully pressed to the sides.

Note: Some motherboards are designed in such a way that install RAM the video card will interfere with you, then remove it.

Now look carefully at any slot for installing RAM, it has a special ledge.

Now take out the RAM module and you will see a special slot or recess on it.

So, we pressed the two latches of the RAM slot to the sides, carefully insert our RAM module into the slot.

If you bought the RAM module correctly, then when installing the module in the slot intended for it on the motherboard, this cutout should definitely fall into the ledge. If the notch and protrusion do not match, then the RAM module is not designed to work on this motherboard.

The module should fall into the guides without any distortions, now the most crucial moment, lightly and gently press the module from above on both sides with your thumbs, it should fall into place, and the latches should snap into place by themselves.

If the latches do not snap into place, look carefully to see if the module is fully inserted into the slot, if it is to the end, then fix the latch yourself. I think everything is clearly visible on the screenshots.

Let me remind you, if you have two RAM modules with the same size and the same characteristics, and the motherboard supports dual-channel RAM, insert the modules into the same colored slots.

We put the cover of the system unit back, connect all the cables and turn on the computer.

How to extract RAM

If you need to remove the RAM from the slot, then it is very simple to do this, snap off the latches and remove the RAM module.

Instruction

Determine how much memory is already installed. Go to the start menu and select "Settings", then "Control Panel" and "System". Select the General tab. The amount of memory installed on your computer will be shown at the bottom of the page.

Determine what type and amount of memory you need to purchase. Check your user manual for the maximum amount of memory your computer can handle. The guide will also help you choose the type and speed of memory you need. Buy operational memory online or at your local computer store.

open case computer. Refer to the instruction manual if necessary. Remove any metal rings, watches, or bracelets. Turn off the computer, unplug it from the electrical outlet, and then touch the metal case to eliminate any static electricity. An antistatic wrist strap can also be used for this purpose.

Locate the memory slots on the motherboard computer. If necessary, refer to the instruction manual. If there are no free slots, you will have to remove one or more of the installed memory cards in order to be able to add a new one. memory.

Install new memory. To do this, open the holders in the free slot and carefully insert the memory card into it. Make sure the memory card module is securely inserted into the slot and attach the holders.

Test the installed memory. Close the case and turn on the computer. If the computer starts beeping, then memory installed incorrectly. Then repeat step 5 to make sure memory securely inserted into the slot. If the installation was successful, check that the system has detected the new amount of memory (step 1).

Increasing the random access memory (RAM) greatly improves the performance of your computer. Moreover, it does not require knowledge about the filling, it is enough just to carefully install the module into the motherboard slot.

You will need

- memory module;
- screwdriver.

Instruction

Purchase a suitable RAM module. Modern computers use DDR, DDRII and DDRIII strips, which differ in connectors and speed. You can find out what type of memory is used in your PC in the passport that was issued upon purchase.

Users are often faced with the need to increase the amount of RAM when they start working with more demanding software. "RAM" is responsible for the temporary storage of data needed to perform the current operations of the processor. For more information on how to increase RAM, read our material.

The amount of RAM depends on how easily and quickly the PC copes with the work, performing several tasks at the same time.

The very procedure for increasing the amount of RAM may consist in buying additional memory cards or replacing the already installed memory with a larger module. In this case, it is necessary to take into account such characteristics of RAM as type, clock frequency, and, of course, volume.

If you decide to install an additional stick of RAM into your PC, then it must be of the same type as the one already installed in the device. In addition, you need to find out the maximum amount of RAM that the motherboard, processor supports.

The characteristics of the RAM installed in the PC can be found using special utilities, for example, Speccy or Everest. Or you can remove the cover of your PC case and conduct a visual inspection. If only the name of the module is indicated on the RAM bar, then using a web search you can find all the characteristics you need.

RAM type

Memory differs in speed: newer types of modules can transfer more bits of information on each memory bus cycle. Also, different memory strips differ visually.

Modern PCs use DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 RAM cards. The SDRAM and DDR types are older. And when upgrading a PC, it makes sense not to buy an additional bar of the same type, but to replace it with a module of a newer technology. In terms of money, it will turn out to be slightly more expensive, but in terms of speed, the plus will be tangible.

DDR3 differs from DDR2, for example, in lower power consumption. There is also a variety of DDR3L modules - with even lower power consumption.

Carefully read the specifications of the motherboard before purchasing a new RAM module, since different types of memory cannot be inserted into the same slot on the motherboard due to different cutouts on the brackets. So, SDRAM memory (unlike DDR modules) has two cutouts on the bottom side of the board and 144 pins. The DDR module has 184 pins, DDR2 and DDR3 have 240, DDR4 have 288 pins, but the key is shifted from the center to the left edge of the bar.

Frequency and timing

Frequency. This parameter determines the amount of data that can be transferred in a certain time, that is, the speed of the RAM. The frequency of RAM must match that supported by the computer's motherboard.

Another important parameter that characterizes the speed of RAM is timing. The delay in processing the operation inside the RAM depends on its value. In the name of the RAM module, it can be written as a sequence of four numbers, for example, 9-9-9-24, or CL and a numerical value - the first digit of the 4-digit sequence, that is, CL9 for the above example. The minimum timing value is good for gaming PCs and video editing computers. For a PC designed for simple everyday tasks, timing has little effect on performance.

RAM slots

The type of RAM and its amount depends on which slots for these purposes are implemented within a particular motherboard. Usually located in close proximity to the socket. At...

If your computer is slow, freezes when working with programs and games, then one of the best ways to increase its performance at the hardware level is to install additional RAM on your computer. In this article, we'll take a step-by-step the process of adding, replacing RAM.

Choose the right type of RAM

Before heading to the store to buy a new memory module, you need to find out what type of RAM your motherboard supports. There are the following types of RAM: DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3 L and the new type DDR 4. They vary in size, so if you buy the wrong type, it just won't fit in the connector. There is also a division into form factors DIMM (for desktop computers) and SODIMM (for laptops).

To find out the type, you need to carefully read the instructions for the motherboard. If you already have memory modules installed, take one of them and look for the options sticker. It indicates the type of DDR. Most modern computers have DDR2 and DDR3 memory types.

We count the number of slots for RAM on the motherboard

The number of slots for memory modules on the motherboard can be 2,4,6,8, and even more on the server motherboard. Most motherboards have 2-4 connectors. You should pay attention to the maximum amount of memory that your motherboard supports.

Choose a manufacturer

There are many companies involved in the development of RAM. The results of their work differ both in price and quality. We do not recommend purchasing memory from little-known manufacturers.

In recent years, the following manufacturers have been popular:

Buying RAM

When going shopping at a specialized computer store, you need to know exactly what kind of RAM you need and whether it will be compatible with.

Preparing to install RAM

Step 1. Power off your computer. Disconnect all cables and cords connected to the back of the case.

(Monitor, mouse, keyboard, etc.)

Step 2. Remove the side cover from the case. Position the computer case so that it is convenient to work with it. It will be most convenient if you put it on its side. Free access to the motherboard by gently pushing away the nearby wires.

Step 3. Next, you should get rid of static charges. They can damage the installed components on the motherboard. To do this, simply touch the case or battery with your hand. For some, this advice may seem ridiculous, someone will say that nothing will happen and nothing will be damaged, but as they say, "God saves the safe," so it's better to play it safe and listen to advice.

Step 4. Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard. In modern boards, manufacturers make 2, 4 connectors. These are identical in size and parallel to each other connectors. How they look, you can see in the photo below.

Step 5. If you are replacing the old memory with a new one, you will need to remove the old module. Gently press on the two white end tabs. The module will release and can be easily removed.

Step 6. Take a new memory bar, while trying not to touch the chips and contacts located on it.

Basic recommendations applicable to all types and types of memory:
- it is best to install DIMMs with the same amount of memory;
– the modules must match in operating frequency (Mhz), if you install modules with different operating frequencies, then in the end they will all operate at the frequency of the slowest memory;
– for installed RAM boards, it is desirable to combine timings, memory latencies (delays);
- it is better to select modules from one manufacturer and one model.

Some enthusiasts try to buy modules from the same batch, but this, it seems to me, is already a perversion!

These tips are not strictly followed, situations are different. If memory modules differ from each other in terms of manufacturer, volume and frequency of operation, this does not mean at all that they will not work. In this case, there are no special memory layout secrets - just installing them is enough.

Also, there are no special features when installing obsolete types of memory such as SDRAM (there is one rule - the more, the better).

But in modern computers, motherboards support special modes of operation of RAM. It is in these modes that the speed of RAM memory will be most efficient. Therefore, to achieve the best performance, you should consider the operating modes of the DIMMs and their correct installation. Let's look at the most common operating modes of RAM today.

Operating modes of RAM

SINGLE CHANELL MODE

single mode (single channel or asymmetric mode) - this mode is implemented when only one memory module is installed in the system or all DIMMs differ from each other in terms of memory size, frequency of operation, or manufacturer. It does not matter in which slots and which memory to install. All memory will run at the speed of the slowest memory installed.

If there is only one module, then it can be installed in any memory slot:

Two or three different memory modules can also be installed in any configuration:

This mode is more of a necessity when you already have RAM, and increasing the amount of memory and saving money is in the first place, rather than achieving the best PC performance. If you're just buying a computer, of course, it's best to avoid this kind of memory setup.

DUAL CHANELL MODE

dual mode (two-channel or symmetrical mode) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each DIMM channel. Modules are selected according to the frequency of operation. On motherboards, the DIMM slots for each channel are color coded. Next to them is the name of the connector, and sometimes the channel number. The purpose of the connectors and their location by channel must be indicated in the motherboard manual. The total amount of memory is equal to the total amount of all installed modules. Each channel is served by its own memory controller. System performance increases by 5-10%.

dual mode can be implemented using two, three or four DIMMs.

If two identical RAM memory modules are used, then they should be connected to the same-named connectors (in the same color) from different channels. For example, install one module in a slot 0 channel A, and the second - in the connector 0 channel B:

That is, to enable the mode dual channel(interleaved mode), the following conditions must be met:
– the same configuration of DIMM modules is installed on each memory channel;
– memory is inserted into symmetrical channel connectors ( slot 0 or slot 1) .

Three memory modules are installed in a similar way - the total amount of memory in each channel is equal to each other (memory in the channel A equal in volume in the channel B):

And for four modules the same condition is fulfilled. Two parallel dual modes work here, as it were:

TRIPLE CHANELL MODE

(three-channel mode) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each of the three DIMM channels. Modules are selected by speed and volume. Motherboards that support 3-channel memory typically have 6 memory slots (two for each channel). Sometimes there are motherboards with four connectors - two connectors make up one channel, the other two are connected to the second and third channel, respectively.

With six or three sockets, installation is as easy as with dual-channel mode. If four memory slots are installed, three of which can work in, memory should be installed in these slots.

(flexible mode) - allows you to increase the performance of RAM, when installing two modules of different sizes, but the same frequency of operation. As in the dual-channel mode, memory boards are installed in the same-named connectors of different channels. For example, if there are two memory sticks with a capacity of 512Mb and 1Gb, then one of them should be installed in the slot 0 channel A, and the second - in the slot 0 channel B:

In this case, the 512MB module will work in dual mode with the 512Mb memory of the second module, and the remaining 512MB from the 1GB module will work in single-channel mode.

That, in principle, is all the recommendations for combining RAM. Of course, there may be more layout options, it all depends on the amount of RAM, motherboard model and your financial capabilities. Also on sale were motherboards with support quad mode memory work - this will give you the maximum performance of your computer!

Every computer owner has thought about improving it at least once. Some simply change the processor, someone assembles and re-solders the insides of the video card. But it's easier and cheaper to overclock your computer. You can do this by adding RAM to it. This method does not require special training or the expensive purchase of a new processor. But before engaging in a practical solution to the question: “How to add RAM to a computer?”, You need to figure out what it is and why you need it.

What is RAM

Random access memory (RAM, RAM - Random Access Memory, or RAM - Random Access Memory) is the place where all temporary data about the operation of programs is stored. Externally, the OP looks like several different microcircuits connected to the motherboard. It serves as a temporary storage for all running programs and has a high speed of writing and reading data.

It should be noted that RAM is fundamentally different from hard drive memory. RAM stores information only as long as the device is connected to the power supply, i.e. as soon as the computer is turned off, all data from the random access memory will be erased. Hard disk memory stores information until you delete it.

Modern RAMs are very voluminous and allow the computer to work on many tasks at the same time. But their diversity is confusing for an inexperienced user. Let's try to figure out how to add RAM to the computer.

When should you change RAM?

Sometimes the user may not notice the signals with which the technique notifies that more forces are needed to perform routine tasks. Understanding the signals is not difficult, the main ones are in plain sight. You need to change the RAM if:

the computer starts to slow down when executing programs;
a laptop or desktop computer takes a long time to load and load programs;
sites with “heavy” graphics and animations do not load;
you need to install powerful games or complex programs, as well as run several processes at the same time.

So, is it possible to add RAM to a computer and in what ways can this be done?

Ways to increase RAM

It is quite possible to improve the performance of technology, today there are three main ways to increase the RAM on your computer:

plank replacement method;
installing Ready Boost;
OP swap.

All methods are simple, even a beginner can handle them. However, each technique has its own nuances.

Hardware method: RAM modules

The first method involves installing new RAM sticks to replace the old ones. But not everything is so smooth here: new brackets must be compatible with the motherboard, as well as the processor. To use this method, you need to know exactly how to properly add RAM to your computer.

In general, the procedure is as follows:

remove the cover of the system unit;
find the RAM mounts on the motherboard;
remove the old memory by pulling the clip-locks;
install new RAM;
fix the bar with holders.

This method allows you to quickly and efficiently add PC performance.

Hardware Method: Ready Boost System

The essence of the computer improvement method is that a USB flash drive is connected to the USB input, which will serve as a source of additional RAM. Special software (Ready Boost) supported by Microsoft Windows 7 and above can convert a USB stick into a data processing device.

Many users immediately try to get a larger drive when using the Ready Boost option, but this is not always necessary. The program can use external drives up to 256 GB on 64-bit Windows and as little as 4 GB on other operating systems that support this feature.

Please note that when using this method, you must not disconnect the USB drive in any case. The technique of adding RAM can be used as an auxiliary, but something else should be chosen as a permanent solution.

Programmatic method: swap file

Is it possible to add RAM to a computer using only the reserves of the PC? Newer versions of Windows have a very useful virtual memory feature. In fact, these are hard drive reserves. To install, you need to go to the address: My computer - Properties - Advanced settings, then select the "Performance" option, and in it - "Additional memory". Then you should set the required values. This method will benefit owners of older processors.

When it becomes clear how to add a bar of RAM to a computer, connect a USB flash drive correctly or use computer resources, you can immediately start work, but first you should evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each method. So, the most effective option would be to replace the RAM sticks.

Choosing RAM: compatibility with the motherboard

Before purchasing new brackets, you should check the need to increase the performance of your computer. Equipment can slow down for various reasons, so first you need to check your laptop or PC for viruses that eat up a huge proportion of RAM. Next, you can clean your computer of unnecessary or obsolete files and remove from startup those programs that are not needed when you turn on your PC. If everything is in order, you can select the appropriate device.

When choosing RAM, you need to consider that the motherboard must be compatible with it. In order to understand which temporary memory strips are suitable for the motherboard, you need:

go to the motherboard manufacturer's website;
select the desired model;
open instructions;
see a list of recommended options for OP slats.

After the list of models has been studied, you can begin to select the appropriate option for other parameters.

Technical parameters of RAM sticks

After determining compatibility, you should deal with the necessary technical parameters. If you delve into all the subtleties and follow the recommendations, it will not be difficult to solve the question “how to install / add RAM”.

You should consider in detail the type and amount of memory, the design features of the bar, operating modes, frequency and speed of operation, as well as some other parameters.

Type of memory

Today, there are several types of RAM: some of them are already outdated, others are so innovative that not all PCs support them.

The best-selling (and therefore popular) are DDR3, or Double-Data-Rate, the third version. Unlike the previous generation, DDR3 heats up less, has up to 2400 megahertz clock frequencies. Also, this type of RAM is distinguished by low power consumption.

It's best not to mess with DDR1 and DDR2 memory as they are outdated. There is also the newest type - DDR4, which has a clock speed of up to 4200 megahertz. This type of memory may not be supported by all devices.

Form factor

The form factor is the design features of the RAM strip. There are strips for laptops (SO-DIMM) and for PCs (DIMM). The former are usually small in size and with fewer contacts. When choosing RAM for a PC or laptop, these characteristics must be supported by the motherboard.

Frequency and data rate

Frequency and transmission speed are among the most important characteristics that should be given special attention when choosing. Frequency refers to the amount of information a computer can transmit in a given amount of time. Accordingly, the higher the indicator, the better the performance of the PC. When choosing, it is also necessary to build on the parameters that the motherboard supports.

Memory modes

The new RAM has special modes that affect the data transfer rate. There are four main types of modes:

Single Channel Mode - works when installing one bar or with modules of different sizes, this is the slowest mode.
Dual Mode - symmetrical, the connectors are installed with the same volume strips, and the speed is doubled compared to the first mode.
Triple Mode - uses three channels, while all of them are set to the same size bar, however, the data transfer rate of triple mode may be weaker than that of Dual.
Flex Mode - flexible mode, involves the installation of two bars with different volumes, but the same frequency.

The most popular option at the moment remains the symmetrical mode (Dual Mode).

Memory

The characteristic is as important as the data transfer rate, and remains one of the key ones today. The bottom line is extremely simple: the more memory, the faster the PC runs.

When choosing a RAM bar, you should take into account the goals and tasks for which the PC will be used in the future. If this is work with office programs and Internet surfing, then 2 GB will be enough. Work that involves the use of heavy programs, such as graphic editors or video processing software, then 4 GB of RAM is enough. For modern games, 8 GB of RAM is sufficient. Today, RAM has been developed with a large amount, but there are very few programs that allow you to use the full potential of such devices, and they are rarely used by average users.

Timings

Timing is the delay time between the command sent to the device and its execution. The parameter also determines how fast the computer or laptop will work. If the values are large, respectively, and the delay is significant, the RAM processes information slowly. The shorter the delay time, the faster the data processing speed.

There is also a direct relationship between timings and OP frequency. The higher the frequency value, the higher the timings. Therefore, when choosing, you should be guided by the golden mean.

Manufacturer

There are many manufacturers of PC components. The best option is to be guided by the brand's reputation, performance and reliability reviews, as well as the company's pricing policy. Currently popular are:

Corsair.
Adata.
Kingston.
GOODRAM.
kingmax.
Transcend.

Each manufacturer provides a wide range of models, so choosing a RAM according to the necessary characteristics, quality and price is not difficult. And in general, figuring out how to add RAM to a computer and how to choose RAM strips is not difficult. It is enough to superficially navigate the technical specifications.

Important information

Before you start self-installation, you must study all the recommendations and instructions. The following tips are common:

When replacing the strips, be sure to insert them all the way and fix them with clips. Otherwise, the computer will not see the components and will not boot.
When choosing a RAM frequency, consider the board and OS support for it. Otherwise, the computer may malfunction.
Even if a new RAM is needed for powerful games, you should not spend the entire allocated budget on sticks larger than 8 GB.
Care must be taken when working on the installation, as the strips are fragile. It is also imperative to disconnect the PC from the network and carry out all manipulations exclusively with dry hands.
The system may have a limit on total memory usage. In this case, even installing brackets will not help add RAM. It turns out the following: the user added RAM, the computer does not use it. Also one of the reasons is often a limitation in the motherboard. In addition, the board may not be installed correctly.

If everything is done correctly, then the question is: "How to add RAM to the computer?" solved quickly and without additional complications.

Must be made in a case that already contains a fixed motherboard and processor. Approximately like this:

In the photo above, we see that the installation of RAM has already been made. We also see the installed motherboard and power supply (indicated by an arrow).

In general, I must say that if you buy a case for a computer, then, often, it is already supplied with a power supply and you do not need to install it. But in any case, the very procedure for installing the power supply into the case is not difficult: you place it in the place provided for this (usually in the upper part of the system unit)

and securely fix with four bolts on the rear wall.

But we will not connect the power yet, but we will install the RAM. The figure below shows how this is done correctly. It is necessary to snap off the plastic clips on the connector itself, carefully insert the RAM module into the groove passing through the entire connector and gently but firmly press it perpendicularly downwards until it clicks and fits snugly into the slot. At the same time, the plastic clips on the sides will snap into place by themselves, if not, look carefully to see if the memory bar "sat down" as it should, and snap them in yourself.

At the same time, the fan power connector "CPU_FAN" is circled in the figure.

Attention! You can damage your computer! Installing RAM is a responsible matter. Therefore, before installing it, it is very important to make sure that you install a memory module that is physically suitable for it in the slot. For example, in the DDR2 slot is installed only DDR2 memory, in DDR3 slots - only DDR3 form factor memory, etc.

If, when installing RAM, it turned out that there was no sticker (special sticker) on it indicating the type of memory, you can navigate purely visually by the “key”. The key is a special "cut" that divides it into several parts in the lower part of the RAM. Accordingly, each memory slot has a protrusion in the same place. The “key” serves as a kind of protection against attempts to install RAM in a slot that is not suitable for it in terms of physical characteristics.

Here's what the two "keys" look like on the memory of the old standard "SD-RAM":

If you do not want to open the computer, then to determine what type of RAM is installed in it, I recommend using the "CPU-Z" program. It will show what type of components your PC consists of. We analyzed the work of this wonderful utility.

So, we install all the memory chips at our disposal in the slots. On modern motherboards, they are often marked with different colors (two yellow slots, two red). This is a mode of dual-channel use of RAM, which slightly increases its throughput.

To activate the dual-channel (or three-channel) mode of RAM, we need to insert the strips in pairs: we install two identical modules in the connectors of the same color, then we install the other two in the connectors of a different color. To get the maximum effect, the memory chips must be really the same by its frequency performance, timings, "CAS" and "RAS" delays. Ideally, they should be purchased from a computer company at the same time :)

Moreover, the colors of the memory slots do not alternate, for example: yellow, red, yellow, red.

We snap all the clamps, check that all memory modules "sit" in the slots evenly (memory chips should be on the same line of height, without raised edges and "protruding" latches).

This is how the RAM is installed in such a simple way. As you can see, everything is simple :)

The amount of RAM depends on how easily and quickly the PC copes with the work, performing several tasks at the same time.

RAM type

Memory differs in speed: newer types of modules can transfer more bits of information on each memory bus cycle. Also, different memory strips differ visually.

Modern PCs use DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 RAM cards. The SDRAM and DDR types are older. And when upgrading a PC, it makes sense not to buy an additional bar of the same type, but to replace it with a newer technology module. In terms of money, it will turn out to be slightly more expensive, but in terms of speed, the plus will be tangible.

DDR3 differs from DDR2, for example, in lower power consumption. There is also a variety of DDR3L modules - with even lower power consumption.

Frequency and timing

RAM slots

Before you buy an additional RAM card, you need to find out if there is where to put it. And it depends on the number of free slots in your computer.

If your motherboard supports dual-channel RAM, you can use this to improve performance. To do this, you need to purchase not one larger board, but two modules of the same characteristics. Often manufacturers offer such kits (Kit). For example, not one 8 GB module, but two 4 GB modules operating in dual-channel mode. For users who increase memory to play games or use "heavy" programs, this is important. If the PC is used to work with office software, a browser and to watch movies, then you can safely buy one bar of RAM.

Also today there are motherboards and RAM kits (Kits) that support three-channel operation.

What else to consider

When choosing RAM, you also need to take into account the operating system on which you will work, since the minimum amount of required RAM also depends on it. Windows 7 and 8 32-bit require at least 1 GB of RAM, Windows 7 and 8 64-bit require at least 2 GB (GB), and Windows XP require at least 64 MB of RAM.

What else should you pay attention to when choosing RAM? To the manufacturer. It is better to choose boards from trusted manufacturers, for example, Corsair, Kingston, Hynix, Transcend, OCZ.

Installation

After you have opened the case of a turned off PC and removed the static charge from your hands, you can begin installing an additional or new RAM module / modules.

1. If you bought a set of two cards for dual-channel operation, check the motherboard specifications for which slots you need to install them.

2. If you are completely changing the RAM, then remove the old memory board: open the slot latches on both sides of the module, carefully holding the module by the side edges, remove it from the slot.

3. Insert the new module into the desired slot, aligning the notch on the memory card with the slot's tab. Gently press down on the module until the clips secure it.

4. Repeat the last operation with the remaining memory modules, if any.

5. Close the PC case.

RAM is used for temporary storage of data necessary for the operation of the operating system and all programs. There should be enough RAM, if it is not enough, then the computer starts to slow down.

A board with memory chips is called a memory module (or bar). Memory for a laptop, except for the size of the strips, is no different from memory for a computer, so follow the same recommendations when choosing.

For an office computer, one 4 GB DDR4 stick with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz is enough (it costs almost the same).
RAM Crucial CT4G4DFS824A

For a multimedia computer (movies, simple games), it is better to take two DDR4 sticks with a frequency of 2666 MHz, 4 GB each, then the memory will work in a faster dual-channel mode.
RAM Ballistix BLS2C4G4D240FSB

For a mid-range gaming computer, you can take one 8 GB DDR4 bar with a frequency of 2666 MHz so that in the future you can add one more and better if it is a simpler running model.
RAM Crucial CT8G4DFS824A

And for a powerful gaming or professional PC, you need to immediately take a set of 2 DDR4 sticks of 8 GB each, while a frequency of 2666 MHz will be enough.

2. How much memory do you need

For an office computer designed to work with documents and access the Internet, one 4 GB memory bar is enough.

For a multimedia computer that can be used to watch high quality videos and undemanding games, 8 GB of memory is enough.

For a mid-range gaming computer, the minimum option is 8 GB of RAM.

A powerful gaming or professional computer requires 16 GB of memory.

More memory may be needed only for very demanding professional programs and is not needed by ordinary users.

Memory size for old PCs

If you decide to increase the amount of memory on an old computer, then please note that 32-bit versions of Windows do not support more than 3 GB of RAM. That is, if you install 4 GB of RAM, then the operating system will see and use only 3 GB.

As for 64-bit versions of Windows, they will be able to use all the installed memory, but if you have an old computer or have an old printer, then they may not have drivers for these operating systems. In this case, before buying memory, install the 64-bit version of Windows and check if everything works for you. I also recommend that you look at the website of the motherboard manufacturer and see how many modules and total memory it supports.

Also note that 64-bit operating systems consume 2 times more memory, for example, Windows 7 x64 takes about 800 MB for its needs. Therefore, 2 GB of memory for such a system will not be enough, preferably at least 4 GB.

Practice shows that modern Windows 7,8,10 operating systems are fully disclosed with 8 GB of memory. The system becomes more responsive, programs open faster, and jerks (freezes) disappear in games.

3. Types of memory

Modern memory is of the DDR SDRAM type and is constantly being improved. So DDR and DDR2 memory is already obsolete and can only be used on older computers. DDR3 memory is no longer advisable to use on new PCs, it has been replaced by a faster and more promising DDR4.

Please note that the selected memory type must be supported by the processor and motherboard.

Also, new processors, for compatibility reasons, can support DDR3L memory, which differs from regular DDR3 by a lower voltage from 1.5 to 1.35 V. Such processors will also be able to work with regular DDR3 memory if you already have it, but processor manufacturers do not recommend this from - due to increased degradation of memory controllers designed for DDR4 with an even lower voltage of 1.2 V.

Memory type for old PCs

Legacy DDR2 memory is several times more expensive than more modern memory. A 2 GB DDR2 stick costs twice as much, and a 4 GB DDR2 stick costs 4 times as much as a DDR3 or DDR4 stick of the same size.

Therefore, if you want to significantly increase the memory on an old computer, then perhaps the best option would be to switch to a more modern platform with a replacement motherboard and, if necessary, a processor that will support DDR4 memory.

Calculate how much it will cost you, perhaps a profitable solution would be to sell an old motherboard with old memory and purchase new, albeit not the most expensive, but more modern components.

The motherboard connectors for installing memory are called slots.

Each type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) has its own slot. DDR3 memory can only be installed in motherboard with DDR3 slots, DDR4 with DDR4 slots. Motherboards that support the old DDR2 memory are no longer produced.

5. Memory specifications

The main characteristics of memory, on which its performance depends, are the frequency and timings. The speed of the memory does not have such a strong impact on the overall performance of the computer as the processor. However, you can often get faster memory for a fraction of the price. Fast memory is needed primarily for powerful professional computers.

5.1. Memory frequency

The frequency has the greatest effect on the speed of the memory. But before buying it, you need to make sure that the processor and motherboard also support the required frequency. Otherwise, the actual memory frequency will be lower and you will simply overpay for something that will not be used.

Inexpensive motherboards support a lower maximum memory frequency, such as 2400 MHz for DDR4. Medium and high-end motherboards may support higher frequency memory (3400-3600MHz).

But with processors, the situation is different. Older processors with DDR3 memory support may support memory with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600 or 1866 MHz (depending on the model). For modern processors that support DDR4 memory, the maximum supported memory frequency may be 2400 MHz or higher.

6th generation Intel processors and above and AMD Ryzen processors support DDR4 memory at 2400 MHz or above. At the same time, their lineup includes not only powerful expensive processors, but also processors of the middle and budget class. Thus, you can build a computer on the most modern platform with an inexpensive processor and DDR4 memory, and in the future, change the processor and get the highest performance.

The main memory for today is DDR4 2400 MHz, which is supported by the most modern processors, motherboards and costs the same as DDR4 2133 MHz. Therefore, it makes no sense to purchase DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz today.

What memory frequency is supported by a particular processor can be found on the manufacturers' websites:

By model number or serial number, it is very easy to find all the characteristics of any processor on the site:

Or just enter the model number in a Google or Yandex search engine (for example, "Ryzen 7 1800X").

5.2. high frequency memory

Now I want to touch on another interesting point. On sale you can find RAM at a much higher frequency than any modern processor supports (3000-3600 MHz and higher). Accordingly, many users are wondering how this can be?

It's all about the technology developed by Intel, eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP). XMP allows the memory to run at a higher frequency than the processor officially supports. XMP must be supported by both the memory itself and the motherboard. Memory with a high frequency simply cannot exist without the support of this technology, but not all motherboards can boast of its support. Basically, these are more expensive models above the middle class.

The essence of XMP technology is that the motherboard automatically increases the frequency of the memory bus, so that the memory starts to work at its higher frequency.

AMD has a similar technology called AMD Memory Profile (AMP) that was supported by older AMD motherboards. These motherboards usually supported XMP modules as well.

Buying more expensive memory with a very high frequency and an XMP-enabled motherboard makes sense for very powerful professional computers equipped with a top-end processor. In a middle-class computer, this will be money thrown to the wind, since everything will rest on the performance of other components.

In games, the memory frequency has little effect and there is no point in overpaying, it will be enough to take it at 2400 MHz, or at 2666 MHz if the price difference is small.

For professional applications, you can take a memory with a higher frequency - 2666 MHz, or if you want and funds allow for 3000 MHz. The difference in performance here is greater than in games, but not cardinal, so there is no point in overclocking the memory frequency.

Once again I remind you that your motherboard must support the memory of the required frequency. In addition, sometimes Intel processors become unstable at memory frequencies above 3000 MHz, while Ryzen has this limit around 2900 MHz.

Timings are delays between read/write/copy data operations in RAM. Accordingly, the smaller these delays, the better. But timings have a much smaller impact on the speed of the memory than its frequency.

There are only 4 main timings, which are indicated in the characteristics of memory modules.

Of these, the most important is the first digit, which is called latency (CL).

Typical latency for 1333 MHz DDR3 memory is CL 9, for higher clocked DDR3 memory CL 11.

Typical latency for 2133 MHz DDR4 memory is CL 15, for higher clocked DDR4 memory CL 16.

You should not buy memory with a latency higher than indicated, as this indicates a general low level of its technical characteristics.

Usually, memory with lower timings is more expensive, but if the difference in price is not significant, then memory with lower latency should be preferred.

5.4. Supply voltage

The memory can have a different supply voltage. It can be either standard (generally accepted for a certain type of memory), or increased (for enthusiasts), or vice versa, reduced.

This is especially important if you want to add more memory to your PC or laptop. In this case, the tension of the new strips should be the same as that of the existing ones. Otherwise, problems are possible, since most motherboards cannot set different voltages for different modules.

If the voltage is set to a bar with a lower voltage, then others may not have enough power and the system will not work stably. If the voltage is set to a bar with a higher voltage, then the memory designed for a lower voltage may fail.

If you're building a new computer, this isn't that important, but to avoid potential motherboard compatibility issues and future memory upgrades or replacements, it's best to choose standard voltage sticks.

The memory, depending on the type, has the following standard supply voltages:

DDR - 2.5 V
DDR2 - 1.8 V
DDR3 - 1.5 V
DDR3L - 1.35 V
DDR4 - 1.2 V

I think you noticed that DDR3L memory is on the list. This is not a new type of memory, but the usual DDR3, but with a reduced supply voltage (Low). This is the kind of memory needed for Intel 6th generation and above processors that support both DDR4 and DDR3 memory. But in this case, it is better to assemble the system on the new DDR4 memory.

6. Marking of memory modules

Memory modules are marked according to the type of memory and its frequency. The marking of DDR memory modules begins with PC, followed by a number indicating the generation and speed in megabytes per second (Mb / s).

This marking is inconvenient to navigate, it is enough to know the type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), its frequency and latency. But sometimes, for example, on classifieds sites, you can see the markings rewritten from the bar. Therefore, so that you can navigate in this case, I will give the marking in the classical form, indicating the type of memory, its frequency and typical latency.

DDR - obsolete

PC-2100 (DDR 266 MHz) - CL 2.5
PC-2700 (DDR 333 MHz) - CL 2.5
PC-3200 (DDR 400 MHz) - CL 2.5

DDR2 - obsolete

PC2-4200 (DDR2 533 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-5300 (DDR2 667 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-6400 (DDR2 800 MHz) - CL 5
PC2-8500 (DDR2 1066 MHz) - CL 5

DDR3 - obsolete

PC3-10600 (DDR3 1333 MHz) - CL 9
PC3-12800 (DDR3 1600 MHz) - CL 11
PC3-14400 (DDR3 1866 MHz) - CL 11
PC3-16000 (DDR3 2000 MHz) - CL 11

PC4-17000 (DDR4 2133 MHz) - CL 15
PC4-19200 (DDR4 2400 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-21300 (DDR4 2666 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-24000 (DDR4 3000 MHz) - CL 16
PC4-25600 (DDR4 3200 MHz) - CL 16

DDR3 and DDR4 memory may have a higher frequency, but only high-end processors and more expensive motherboards can work with it.

7. Design of memory modules

Memory sticks can be single-sided, double-sided, with or without heatsinks.

7.1. Chip placement

Chips on memory modules can be placed on one side of the board (single-sided) and on both sides (double-sided).

It doesn't matter if you are purchasing memory for a new computer. If you want to add memory to an old PC, then it is desirable that the location of the chips on the new bar is the same as on the old one. This will help avoid compatibility issues and increase the likelihood of memory running in dual-channel mode, which we will discuss later in this article.

Now on sale you can find a lot of memory modules with aluminum heatsinks of various colors and shapes.

The presence of heatsinks can be justified on DDR3 memory with a high frequency (1866 MHz or more), since it heats up more. At the same time, ventilation must be well organized in the case.

A modern DDR4 RAM with a frequency of 2400, 2666 MHz practically does not heat up and the radiators on it will be purely decorative. They can even interfere, because after a while they will become clogged with dust, which is difficult to clean out of them. In addition, such memory will cost a little more. So, if you want, you can save on this, for example, by taking Crucial's excellent 2400 MHz memory without heatsinks.

Memory with a frequency of 3000 MHz or more also has an increased supply voltage, but it also does not get very hot, and in any case it will have radiators.

8. Memory for laptops

Notebook memory differs from desktop memory only in the size of the memory module and is labeled SO-DIMM DDR. As well as for stationary computers, memory for laptops has the types DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4.

In terms of frequency, timings and voltage, memory for laptops does not differ from memory for computers. But laptops only come with 1 or 2 memory slots and have tighter limits on maximum capacity. Be sure to check these parameters before choosing memory for a particular laptop model.

9. Memory modes

Memory can operate in single channel (Single Channel), dual channel (Dual Channel), three-channel (Triple Channel) or four-channel mode (Quad Channel).

In single-channel mode, data is written sequentially to each module. In multichannel modes, data is written in parallel to all modules, which leads to a significant increase in the performance of the memory subsystem.

Single-channel memory mode is limited only by hopelessly outdated motherboards with DDR memory and the first models with DDR2.

All modern motherboards support dual-channel memory, and only a few very expensive motherboards support three-channel and four-channel memory.

The main condition for the dual-channel mode is the presence of 2 or 4 memory sticks. Three-channel mode requires 3 or 6 memory sticks, and four-channel mode requires 4 or 8 sticks.

It is desirable that all memory modules are the same. Otherwise, dual-channel operation is not guaranteed.

If you want to add memory to an old computer and your motherboard supports dual-channel mode, try to choose a bar that is as identical as possible in all respects. It is best to sell the old one and buy 2 new identical strips.

In modern computers, memory controllers have been moved from the motherboard to the processor. Now it is not so important that the memory modules are the same, since the processor in most cases will still be able to activate dual-channel mode. This means that if in the future you want to add memory to a modern computer, you will not necessarily look for exactly the same module, just choose the most similar in terms of characteristics. But still, I recommend that the memory modules be the same. This will give you a guarantee of its fast and stable operation.

With the transfer of memory controllers to the processor, 2 more modes of dual-channel memory operation appeared - Ganged (paired) and Unganged (unpaired). If the memory modules are the same, then the processor can work with them in Ganged mode, as before. If the modules differ in characteristics, then the processor can activate the Unganged mode to eliminate distortions in working with memory. In general, the speed of the memory in these modes is almost the same and does not make any difference.

The only downside to dual channel mode is that multiple memory modules are more expensive than one of the same capacity. But if you are not very tight on funds, then buy 2 bars, the memory speed will be much higher.

If you need, say, 16 GB of RAM, but you can't afford it yet, you can buy one 8 GB stick to add another one of the same in the future. But still, it is better to purchase two identical strips at once, since then you may not be able to find the same one and you will encounter a compatibility problem.

10. Manufacturers of memory modules

One of the best price / quality ratios today is the memory of the impeccably proven Crucial brand, which has modules from budget to gaming (Ballistix).

The well-deserved brand Corsair competes on a par with it, the memory of which is somewhat more expensive.

As an inexpensive but high-quality alternative, I especially recommend the Polish brand Goodram, which has bars with low timings for a low price (Play line).

For an inexpensive office computer, simple and reliable memory from AMD or Transcend will suffice. They have proven themselves perfectly and there are practically no problems with them.

In general, the Korean companies Hynix and Samsung are considered leaders in the production of memory. But now the modules of these brands are mass-produced in cheap Chinese factories, and there are a lot of fakes among them. Therefore, I do not recommend purchasing the memory of these brands.

An exception may be Hynix Original and Samsung Original memory modules, which are made in Korea. These planks are usually blue in color and are considered to be of better quality than those made in China and have a somewhat higher warranty. But in terms of speed characteristics, they are inferior to memory with lower timings from other quality brands.

Well, for enthusiasts and fans of modding, there are available overclocker brands GeIL, G.Skill, Team. Their memory is characterized by low timings, high overclocking potential, unusual appearance and is slightly cheaper than the well-known Corsair brand.

There is also a large assortment of memory modules on sale from the very popular manufacturer Kingston. Memory sold under the budget Kingston brand has never been of high quality. But they have a top HyperX series, which is well-deservedly popular, which can be recommended for purchase, but it is often overpriced.

11. Memory packaging

It is better to purchase memory in individual packaging.

It is usually of higher quality and is much less likely to be damaged in transit than unpackaged memory.

12. Increase memory

If you are planning to add memory to an existing computer or laptop, first find out what the maximum number of sticks and the total amount of memory your motherboard or laptop supports.

Also check how many memory slots are on the motherboard or in the laptop, how many of them are occupied and what brackets are installed in them. Better to do it visually. Open the case, take out the memory sticks, examine them and write down all the characteristics (or take a photo).

If for some reason you do not want to go into the case, then you can see the memory parameters in the program on the SPD tab. Thus, you will not recognize a single-sided bar or a double-sided one, but you can find out the characteristics of the memory if there is no sticker on the bar.

There is a base and effective memory frequency. The CPU-Z program and many similar ones show the base frequency, it must be multiplied by 2.

After you know how much memory you can increase, how many free slots and what memory you have installed, you can begin to explore the possibilities of increasing memory.

If all the memory slots are occupied, then the only way to increase the memory is to replace the existing strips with new larger ones. And the old strips can be sold on the classifieds site or exchanged at a computer store when buying new ones.

If there are free slots, then you can add new ones to the existing memory strips. At the same time, it is desirable that the new strips be as close as possible in terms of characteristics to those already installed. In this case, you can avoid various compatibility issues and increase the chances that the memory will work in dual-channel mode. To do this, the following conditions must be met, in order of importance.

The memory type must match (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
The supply voltage of all strips must be the same.
All slats must be single sided or double sided.
The frequency of all bars must match.
All strips must be of the same volume (for dual-channel mode).
The number of bars must be even: 2, 4 (for two-channel mode).
It is desirable that the latency (CL) match.
It is desirable that the bars are from the same manufacturer.

The easiest way to start the choice is with the manufacturer. Choose in the catalog of the online store strips of the same manufacturer, volume and frequency as you have installed. Make sure that the supply voltage matches and check with the consultant whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If the latency also coincides, then it's generally good.

If you couldn't find similar strips from the same manufacturer, then choose all the others from the list of recommended ones. Then again look for the strips of the required volume and frequency, check the supply voltage and specify whether they are single-sided or double-sided. If you could not find similar planks, then look in another store, catalog or classifieds site.

Always the best option is to sell all the old memory and buy 2 new identical sticks. If the motherboard does not support the required size brackets, you may have to buy 4 identical brackets.

13. Setting up filters in the online store

Go to the "RAM" section on the seller's website.
Select recommended manufacturers.
Select form factor (DIMM - PC, SO-DIMM - laptop).
Select the type of memory (DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
Select the required amount of strips (2, 4, 8 GB).
Select the maximum frequency supported by the processor (1600, 1866, 2133, 2400 MHz).
If your motherboard supports XMP, add a higher frequency memory (2666, 3000 MHz) to your selection.
Sort the selection by price.
Sequentially view all positions, starting with the cheapest ones.
Choose a few bars that match the frequency.
If the price difference is acceptable to you, go for the higher frequency, lower latency (CL) sticks.

Thus, you will get the optimal price / quality / speed memory for the lowest possible cost.

14. Links

RAM Corsair CMK16GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Corsair CMK8GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Crucial CT2K4G4DFS824A

Instruction

open case computer. Refer to the instruction manual if necessary. Remove all metal rings, watches or . Turn off the computer, unplug it from the electrical outlet, and then touch the metal case to eliminate any static electricity. An antistatic wrist strap can also be used for this purpose.

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Operating modes of RAM and installation rules. Operating modes of RAM and the advantages of these modes

Expanding RAM using a flash drive

Increase RAM in BIOS settings

Expandable with memory modules

Choose the right type of RAM

We count the number of slots for RAM on the motherboard

Choose a manufacturer

Buying RAM

Preparing to install RAM

Operating modes of RAM

What is RAM

When should you change RAM?

Ways to increase RAM

Hardware method: RAM modules

Hardware Method: Ready Boost System

Programmatic method: swap file

Choosing RAM: compatibility with the motherboard

Technical parameters of RAM sticks

Type of memory

Form factor

Frequency and data rate

Memory modes

Memory

Timings

Manufacturer

Important information

2. How much memory do you need

3. Types of memory

5. Memory specifications

5.1. Memory frequency

5.2. high frequency memory

5.4. Supply voltage

6. Marking of memory modules

7. Design of memory modules

7.1. Chip placement

8. Memory for laptops

9. Memory modes

10. Manufacturers of memory modules

11. Memory packaging

12. Increase memory

13. Setting up filters in the online store

14. Links

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