The word "carcinogen" is widely used and many people have heard it more than once. "Mutagens" and "teratogens" are less widely disseminated, but have no less frightening significance. "SHOWER. Living Asia tells what these words mean, what danger they carry, and how to protect yourself from their impact.

CARCINOGENES

These are environmental factors, the impact of which on the human or animal body increases the likelihood of malignant tumors. In other words, factors that contribute to the appearance and development of cancer. Today, about 400 such factors of chemical, physical and biological nature are known.

How to protect yourself from carcinogens in vegetables?

Nitrates are a chemical carcinogen that many have heard about in one way or another. The main source of their intake into the body is vegetables grown with excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers.

Such vegetables can be identified:

• in appearance: too even or large fruits, bright green color, white streaks inside the tomatoes.
• and to taste: unleavened melons and watermelons, lack of sweetness in peaches.

Minimize hazardous exposure nitrates can be obtained by peeling, soaking vegetables in water, frying, stewing and sourdough.

Where else can carcinogens be found?

Some food additives can also be chemical carcinogens. Such additives are prohibited by law in many countries. For example, E123-Amaranth and E121-Citrus red. Pay attention to what is written on product labels!

Another chemical carcinogen - peroxide - you run the risk of getting a strong heating of vegetable oil.

Large doses of sunlight, ionizing radiation, burns, injuries can also lead to cancer. These are physical carcinogens.

MUTAGENS

These are factors that can cause hereditary changes - mutations.

Mutagens are divided into physical, chemical and biological. Now such substances are found among chemicals used in industry and agriculture, in cosmetics and medicines, in petroleum products and organic solvents.

for instance

Mutagenicity is a side effect of some drugs - cytostatics and antimetabolites used to treat cancer and as immunosuppressants.

A number of antitumor antibiotics (actinomycin D, adriamycin, bleomycin and others) also have mutagenic activity.

Styrene, used in the production of polyester plastics, and chlorprene, used in the production of polychloroprene elastomers, have a mutagenic effect.

TERATOGENS

These are chemical, physical and biological factors that contribute to the appearance of anomalies and malformations of the embryo.

What are they and what do they threaten?

• Alcohol- developmental delay before and after birth, mental retardation, microcephaly, underdevelopment of facial structures with the formation of a characteristic alcoholic face, kidney and heart defects.
• Lead- miscarriages and stillbirths.
• Vitamin A and its derivatives(isotretinoin, etretinate, retinoids) - miscarriages, microphthalmia, cleft lip and palate, mental retardation.
• Radiation microcephaly, mental retardation.
  Please note that most carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic factors are of a chemical nature.

Every year about 250,000 new chemicals are synthesized in the world, many of which (especially during large-scale production) end up in the environment. A large number of these compounds have a negative impact on human health.

Mutagen and carcinogen are two physical, chemical, or biological factors that can cause changes in normal cell division in organisms. Approximately 90% of carcinogens are mutagens. Mutations in somatic cells can cause cancer. main difference The difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen is that a mutagen causes an inherited change in the genetic information of an organism, whereas a carcinogen causes or contributes to the development of cancer in animals and humans. mutagenesis is the mechanism by which a change occurs in the genetic material, while carcinogenesis is the mechanism by which tumor formation occurs due to mutagenic events.

Key areas covered

1. What is a mutagen

2. What is a carcinogen
- Definition, Exciters, Function, Effect
3. What are the Similarities Between Mutagen and Carcinogen
- Brief description of common features
4. What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen
- Comparison of major differences

Key words: biological agents, carcinogen, carcinogenesis, clastogens, environmental hazard, intercalating agents, mutagen, mutagenesis, pathogens, tobacco smoking.

What is a mutagen

A mutagen is a chemical or radiation that can cause mutations. This means that mutations cause changes in the genetic information of an organism. Mutations can also occur due to errors in DNA replication. This type of mutation is called spontaneous mutation. Many of the mutations harm cells, causing disease and cancer. Because mutagens modify the DNA sequence, they can cause nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions, as well as chromosomal instability such as translocations and inversions. Mutagens that cause chromosomal instability are called clastogens, Some mutagens can change the number of chromosomes in a cell.

Figure 1: Mutation

Physical substances such as radioactive elements, x-rays and ultraviolet radiation can cause mutations. Chemicals that interact with DNA, such as reactive oxygen species, deamination agents, sodium azide, and benzene, also cause mutations. Intercalating agents such as ethidium bromide and metals such as nickel, arsenic, cadmium and chromium are also mutagenic. Biological agents such as transposon, virus and bacteria also induce mutations. The ultraviolet induced mutation is shown in Picture 1.

What is a carcinogen

Any physical, chemical, or biological substance that can cause or promote cancer is called a carcinogen. Five categories of cancer-forming agents can be distinguished. These are tobacco smoke, pathogens, radiation, environmental hazards and diet. Smokers and victims of passive smoking can easily be exposed to cancer. Smoking causes cancer of the lungs, respiratory tract and esophagus. Smoking indirectly causes cancer of the stomach, kidneys and liver. Air, water and soil pollution also causes bladder and lung cancer. Other cancer-forming agents and examples are given in Table 1.

Examples of carcinogens

Similarities Between Mutagen and Carcinogen

• The mutagen and carcinogen cause changes in cell division and the normal functioning of cells.
• Both mutagens and carcinogens can be a physical, chemical, or biological factor.

Difference Between Mutagen and Carcinogen

Definition

Mutagen: A biological, physical, or chemical agent that causes a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism is called a mutagen.

carcinogens: A substance that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen.

the effect

Mutagen: A mutagen causes changes in the genetic information of an organism.

carcinogens: A carcinogen causes or promotes the development of cancer.

correlation

Mutagen: Most mutagens are carcinogens.

carcinogens: Not all carcinogens are mutagens.

cause

Mutagen: Radioactive elements, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, chemicals, intercalating agents, metals, transposon, virus, and bacteria can cause mutations.

carcinogens: Smoking, pathogens, radiation, environmental hazards, and diet can cause cancer.

Result

Mutagen: Mutagens lead to changes in the normal functioning of cells and cancer.

carcinogens: Carcinogens lead to the formation of tumors or cancers.

Conclusion

Mutagen and carcinogen are two agents that cause changes in the normal functioning of cells and cell division. Mutagens cause changes in the genetic information of an organism. These changes can sometimes cause cancer. Carcinogens cause cancer through the formation of tumors. Mutagens and carcinogens can be physical, chemical, or biological agents. The main difference between mutagen and carcinogen is the effect of each agent on organisms.

Link:

1. "Types of mutagens: chemical and physical". biological discussion. N.P., November 28, 2016. Web.

Physical factors (electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, hypothermia, hyperthermia) can have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. These effects can be observed both in individuals exposed to the damaging effects of physical factors, and in their offspring. Individual complications (radiation sickness, spontaneous 527... [p. 531 ⇒]

Annotation. It is widely known that laser therapy is a highly effective physiotherapeutic method for treating patients with various diseases. However, unsubstantiated myths about some special “harmfulness” of laser light are spread among patients and some part of the medical staff. A review of the literature, analysis of scientific data and many years of practical experience clearly and quite convincingly demonstrate that low-intensity (low-energy) laser light used in modern physiotherapy is absolutely safe. He does not possess teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, but on the contrary, provides protection of a living organism from a wide variety of pathogenic factors of a chemical or physical nature. [p. 191 ⇒]

We will consider several directions in succession and try to answer an important question: can LILI cause teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects? Here are examples of studies that convincingly prove that low-energy laser light is not only safe, but has pronounced protective properties against a wide variety of pathogenic factors (radiation, toxins, UV light). [p. 195 ⇒]

Conclusion. Even such, the most brief review of the literature clearly and quite convincingly demonstrates that low-intensity (low-energy) laser light used in modern physiotherapy, provided that simple rules for working with it, are absolutely safe. It is not teratogenic mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, but on the contrary, provides protection of a living organism from a variety of external pathogenic factors, chemical or physical nature. [p. 203 ⇒]

With caution: severe atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels; violation of cerebral circulation; mental illness; epilepsy; history of seizures; severe renal and/or hepatic insufficiency; elderly age. APPLICATION WHEN WE TAKE. AND FOOD. BREAST. Since tinidazole and ciprofloxacin are excreted into breast milk, it is necessary to stop breastfeeding for the period of treatment with the drug, since tinidazole% ash may cause mutagenic and carcinogenic action. POB. ACTION From the digestive system: decreased appetite, dryness of the oral mucosa, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, cholestatic jaundice (especially in patients with previous liver diseases) , hepatitis, hepatonecrosis. From the side of the nervous system: headache, dizziness, increased fatigue, impaired coordination of movements (including locomotor ataxia), dysarthria, peripheral neuropathy; rarely - convulsions, weakness, anxiety, tremor, insomnia, nightmares, ne% ... [p. 556 ⇒]

In the light of these ideas, the spread of genetically active agents in the environment can lead not only to an increase in the frequency of mutations, but also to an increase in the frequency of malignant neoplasms (correlation is up to 90%). In this regard, programs for testing chemical compounds of various physical and biological factors provide for the identification of potential carcinogens among them. Given the importance of this task, sensitive test systems for the detection of carcinogens are being developed internationally, coordinated by the World Health Organization and other international organizations. In particular, short-term tests listed on pages 646-647 are used to detect carcinogens, supplemented by direct testing of chemical compounds for their ability to induce malignant transformation in animal and human cell cultures, as well as in animals in vivo (mice, rats, hamsters). Further improvement of systems testing of mutagens and carcinogens should contribute not only to ensuring human genetic safety, but also to understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. 23.7. Prevention of genetic danger... [p. 655 ⇒]

There is also known hereditary sensitivity to the action of certain mutagens and carcinogens. For example, people with increased arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity are prone to lung cancer when exposed to polycyclic hydrocarbons, which, after being hydroxylated by said enzyme, are converted into highly carcinogenic epoxides. Such facts must be taken into account in various areas of human activity: in the treatment of patients, in assessing the professional suitability of people dealing with various industrial hazards. [p. 658 ⇒]

The specificity of the pathogenesis of many hereditary and non-hereditary diseases can be largely determined by the state of the immune and endocrine systems of the body, the functions of which are genetically determined. An unfavorable hereditary background can be a provocative moment in the development of any pathology. development of severe anemia requiring therapeutic intervention. With mutations in the genetic systems of DNA repair, mutagenic and carcinogenic factors accelerate the development of malignant neoplasms. [p. 50 ⇒]

Rice. 1.38. The division of a mouse red bone marrow cell with a triple 'bridge' that will break as it diverges further. The micronucleus is formed from acentric fragments of chromosomes. The preparation of the red bone marrow of the Mus musculus L. mouse, being at the same time much less laborious. The micronucleus test is a relatively new, but already generally accepted, cytogenetic method for assessing the mutagenic effect of agents of various nature. Using this method, testing for mutagenic activity of a large number of chemical, physical and biological agents was carried out, the test is applied already at the first stage testing for potential mutagens and carcinogens. The micronucleus test is currently mandatory for toxicology studies in the European Economic Community and Japan. It is widely used in other countries as well. The object of study during the micronuclear 63... [p. 63 ⇒]

Pronounced mutagenic effects are exerted by analogues of nitrogenous bases and nucleic acids (2-aminopurine, 5-bromouracil, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 8-azoguanine, aminopurine, caffeine, etc.). These chemical compounds are included in nucleic acids, which subsequently leads to the emergence of transversions and transitions during replication. Acridine dyes act on the doubling DNA molecule (acridine yellow, acridine orange, proflavin, 5-anoacridine). They form a complex with DNA that disrupts the replication process, nucleotide dropout or insertion occurs, resulting in a frameshift. Nitrous acid deaminates the nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid nucleotides. Hydroxylamine, formaldehyde, peroxides, urethane, etc. also have pronounced mutagenic properties. Pesticides, herbicides used in agronomy to control harmful insects and weeds have a mutagenic effect. For example, the studies of Bozshataev G.T. Kolumbaeva S.Zh. Shigaeva M.Kh. et al. (1998) showed the mutagenic effect of triazine herbicides (propazine, atrazine, simazinom) on barley seeds. Treatment of barley seeds induced structural rearrangements of chromosomes in the root germinal meristem of seeds with a frequency significantly exceeding the natural level of mutation. In high concentrations, pesticides containing chlorine (DDT, hexachloran, dioxin, dibenzfuran, etc.) are not only highly toxic, but and are mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on humans and animals. N. S. Karamova, A. P. Denisova, Z. Stashevsky (2008) found a weak mutagenic activity in the widely used herbicide zenkor. It is a highly effective broad-spectrum triazine systemic herbicide for the control of dicotyledonous and grassy weeds in the cultivation of potatoes, tomatoes, alfalfa and soybeans in the pre- and post-emergence period. In 2001, the mutagenic effect of a number of widely 87... [p. 87 ⇒]

Zenkor, bazagran, lontrel and kuzagard induce frameshift-type DNA mutations in Salmonella typhimurium on the TA98 strain. The pesticide dicurin belongs to class I of substances according to the degree of potential mutagenic hazard (extremely hazardous substances). The use of dicurin as a pesticide is prohibited. 1,2-dibromopropane is assigned to the second class of mutagenic pesticides (hazardous substances) according to the severity of effects in vivo and in vitro. Application of the drug as a hemetopide (against lice) is possible on a strictly limited scale, provided that contamination of adjacent territories is not allowed (Brativnyk L.A., 1991). Mutations can also be induced by mineral fertilizers, primarily by nitrates, which are converted first into nitrites and then into active nitrosamines. Nitrogen compounds such as nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines and saltpeter are carcinogenic. Nitrates, as salts of nitric acids, are not carcinogens, nitrites are approximately 30 times more toxic than nitrates, and most nitrosamines pronounced mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Chemical mutagens induce both gene and chromosomal mutations. The features of these mutagens are accumulation and transmission during cell division in subsequent generation, a higher frequency of inducing gene mutations than chromosome aberrations. Chemical mutagens produce a wide range of visible chromosomal aberrations. For example, in the experiments of S. Sh. Isamukhamedov (1978) to study the effect of photrin, fosfemid and prospidin on the karyotype of pigs, chromatid and isochromatid deletions, as well as chromatid exchanges and gaps (gaps) were found. Gap is a chromosomal aberration consisting in the partial destruction of the chromatid and the formation of an achromatic gap, as well as in the absence of one or more nucleotides in one of the DNA strands. Studies show that many medicinal 88... [p. 88 ⇒]

However, connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) and blood lymphocytes are most commonly used. Using the method of hybridization of somatic cells: a) study the metabolic processes in the cell; b) reveal the localization of genes in chromosomes; c) study genes mutations; d) study mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of chemicals. In 1960, it was shown that co-cultured cells of different lines can merge, forming hybrids containing the genomes of both parental forms. The first such hybrids were obtained by cell fusion ... [p. 30 ⇒]

In parallel with the development of the mutational theory of carcinogenesis, the study of carcinogens of chemical and physical nature was going on. Physical carcinogens include x-ray, gamma and ultraviolet radiation. They render both direct, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on the structure of DNA, and indirect, caused by damage to cellular macromolecules by free-radical forms of oxygen, which are formed in tissues under the influence of irradiation. It was radiation carcinogenesis that was the main danger for the first radiologists and radiologists who worked with radium and X-rays without protection from radiation. Because of it, many of them developed skin cancer. With general irradiation of the body, leukemia most often develops, less often - bone tumors due to the accumulation of radioactive strontium in them, which is an analogue of calcium, and thyroid cancer, provoked by the accumulation of radioactive iodine in it. Lung cancer is common among uranium miners who inhale radioactive dust. Chemical carcinogens combine a wide range of substances: from simple ones, such as carbon tetrachloride, to highly complex polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds. Chemical carcinogens cause similar biological effects, which are expressed in the stimulation of unlimited reproduction of tumor progenitor cells. Textbook examples of forms of cancer induced by chemical carcinogens are squamous cell lung carcinoma that develops in smokers, pleural mesothelioma stimulated by asbestos dust, scrotum cancer in chimney sweeps, bladder cancer in chemical workers ... [p. 233 ⇒]

Toxicologists 1 Deputy director for scientific work of the Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. A. N. Sysina USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Ph.D. N. N. Litvinov A fundamentally important problem has been raised: are domestic vaccines biological products or is it not so at all? Establishing scientifically based safe regulations for inactive doses - concentrations of chemicals, and even more so mercury compounds, "allowed" 35 years ago for parenteral administration to infants, is a practically insoluble task. It is necessary to have very serious justifications, vital indications, in order to allow repeated administration of such a disinfectant, a mercury pesticide, to a child. In addition, any chemical additives used as preservatives, stabilizers, fillers, etc., can change the pharmacokinetics of the main substance, in this case, antigen proteins, and, consequently, their targeted action. I, as a specialist, believe that in the current situation, documents proving the conduct of special toxicological studies for the absence of teratogenicity, embryotoxicity, allergenic activity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the applied dose of merthiolate in the DTP vaccine should be submitted without any delay: either by foreign companies selling this pesticide to us, or domestic regulatory institutions - the Committee of Vaccines and Serums or GISK them. L. A. Tarasevich. [p. 180 ⇒]

The use of the drug Longidaza in therapeutic doses during or after surgical treatment does not cause a deterioration in the course of the postoperative period or the progression of the infectious process; does not slow down the recovery of bone tissue. Longidase® with joint s / c or / m administration increases the absorption of drugs, accelerates pain relief with the introduction of local anesthetics. Longidase® refers to practically non-toxic compounds, does not disrupt the normal functioning of the immune system, does not affect the reproductive function of male and female rats, pre- and postnatal development of offspring, does not mutagenic and carcinogenic action. It has been experimentally proven that the irritating and allergenic properties of the hyaluronidase enzyme are reduced in Longidase®. In therapeutic doses, Longidase® is well tolerated by patients. ®... [p. 324 ⇒]

Undesirable effects of ganciclovir: hematotoxicity (neutro-, leuko-, thrombocytopenia); encephalopathic reactions; immunosuppression; damage to reproductive function in men and women; mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic action. Foscarnet (phosphonoformate) is administered intravenously. Its half-life is from 2 to 4 hours. It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Foscarnet can cause bone marrow depression, immunosuppression, liver and kidney dysfunction; it is teratogenic mutagenic and carcinogenic property. When using ganciclovir and foscarnet, a blood test is necessary every 2 days. With severe neutropenia (less than 500 / μl) and thrombocytopenia (less than 25,000 / μl), the drugs are urgently canceled. Ganciclovir and foscarnet are cytostatics, therefore, in the treatment of CMVI, they are sometimes combined with immunostimulants or interferonogens (for example, with cycloferon, etc.), as well as with hematopoietic stimulants (for example, with filgrastim, etc.) and with immunoglobulins (cytotec). Cytotect is an immunoglobulin with an increased content of specific antibodies to cytomegalovirus. It is used as a means of replacement therapy. Individual intolerance to the drug is manifested by headache, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, cyanosis, shortness of breath, hyperthermia, chills, increased sweating, back pain, myalgia. These symptoms may appear as early as 30 minutes after the start of the infusion and be observed during the first day. A severe anaphylactic reaction can be observed in patients with no or severe deficiency of IgA, which in about 30% of cases is associated with the presence of antibodies against the named immunoglobulin. When such patients receive an immunoglobulin preparation, they form an IgA-anti-IgA macromolecular complex, leading to anaphylaxis. It is advisable for all patients to determine IgA in the blood serum before the introduction of the cytotect. 242... [p. 242 ⇒]

In addition, an important role is played by the release of non-metabolizable dust particles carrying radionuclides in phagocytic cells of the body. The general rule is that for mutagenic and carcinogenic potential during the incorporation of radionuclides, the ionizing effect is more important than the penetrating effect. In this regard, in such conditions, alpha emitters can be more dangerous than gamma emitters. The events mentioned above and medical observations had a great influence on the attitude of society towards radiation, introducing into social psychology a caution that was not characteristic of the early period of the development of radiation technologies. 4.2.1.1. THE MECHANISM OF THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION... [p. 179 ⇒]

Disadvantages - high cost, duration and low "bandwidth", which does not allow to cover all compounds produced by modern industry. At the same time, extrapolation of the results to another, even a close animal species, is always probabilistic in nature, and the effect is detected at subtoxic doses of substances and never occurs when using low doses, which does not allow the detection of weak carcinogens. All this predetermined the further improvement of screening methods. So. At present, methods for detecting carcinogenicity by organotropic effect are widely used for screening, when multiorgan or models of individual organs (liver, skin, lungs, mammary gland, stomach, etc.) are used in experiments. An indicator of carcinogenicity is the occurrence of benign, malignant tumors and precancerous changes in the organs under study It is believed that these models can provide a relatively rapid assessment of carcinogenicity™ in a small number of animals So-called accelerated tests based on the registration of tumor transformation under the influence of the tested agents in culture can also be used cells, where this process occurs much faster than in the body. The method is based on the ability of carcinogenic agents to transform normal cells into malignant cells in vitro, as judged by the nature of cell growth foci in the medium. As is known, the key links of chemical carcinogenesis are the formation of electrophilic metabolites of carcinogens (adducts). damage by them to DNA, the occurrence of mutations (initiation) and the predominant proliferation of initiated cells due to epigenetic factors (promotion). Obviously, each of these links can serve as an object for assessing the potential carcinogenicity of chemical compounds. But since most of the known human carcinogens are genotoxic and form adducts with DNA, tests have been developed in which the criterion for the alleged carcinogenic activity of the test substances is the ability of their adducts to cause mutations. The diagnostic efficacy of such tests is based on a high causal relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, as well as a high frequency coincidence of mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of various chemicals. To identify mutagenic (genotoxic) effects of suspected chemical carcinogens, studies are performed on bacteria or long-term cultured mammalian cells. Among them, the most famous are the following tests. Test for gene mutations (Ames test). The mutagenic properties of the test compound are studied using a bacterial test system that uses strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Carcinogenicity is assessed by the number of mutations or dead cells in culture caused by the test substance. Between 70 and 90% of known chemical carcinogens are positive on this test. The method is quite sensitive, has a high correlation between genocytosis and carcinogenicity, and is widely used for the first stage of screening. cytogenetic tests. A number of damages to the genetic apparatus of the cell caused by carcinogens are of a gross nature and can be recognized by cytogenetic methods. These tests are based on the detection of chromosomal disorders in animal bone marrow cells induced by the test substance Tests for DNA damage. cell. In the presence of a DNA-damaging effect of the test substance, the growth of mutant bacteria is not recorded (since repair processes are disturbed in them), while wild-type bacteria grow normally. Screening tests for tumor promoters. Promoters in biologically active concentrations do not form adducts and do not damage DNA. They have a pleiotropic effect on cells: in particular, they change the structure and functions of cell membranes and disrupt intercellular contacts. Respectively... [p. 213 ⇒]

The most important acquired properties of a tumor cell include their ability to stimulate neoangiogenesis, i.e., to form new blood and lymphatic vessels. The discovery of telomerase, an enzyme that lengthens the ends of linear chromosomes, and the role of this phenomenon in the process of tumor formation is one of the most significant in the field of fundamental oncology. Due to the fact that approximately 85% of human tumors have telomerase activity, it can be argued that the telomerase reaction is involved in carcinogenesis, therefore, inhibition (repression) of telomerase should reduce the likelihood of tumor development. Carcinogenic substances are usually divided into genotoxic and non-genotoxic. Genotoxic carcinogens interact with the cell most often through metabolites that covalently bind to cellular proteins and DNA and form adducts. DNA adducts with many carcinogens have been described, namely with PAHs, aromatic amines, N-nitroso compounds, and aflatoxin B1. Adducts of a carcinogen with DNA differ from each other its mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. In addition, the concentration of one or another adduct in target tissues is of great importance. Carcinogen-DNA adducts are excreted from the body spontaneously or as a result of DNA repair. Non-genotoxic carcinogens include substances that are unable to covalently bind to DNA and form adducts. These include promoters of two-stage carcinogenesis, pesticides, hormones, fibrous materials, etc. These substances, as a rule, are unable to transform cells themselves, and their carcinogenicity is most likely associated with the creation of conditions for the preferential growth of cells previously transformed ... [p. 27 ⇒]

Malignant neoplasms are currently the second leading cause of child mortality. The incidence of this type of pathology in children is 14.7-15.8 per 100 thousand of the child population. According to the latest data, the incidence structure can be represented in the form of a diagram shown in Fig. 1. Most tumors in children are congenital (nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, etc.). Acquired tumors in children are less common - cancer. osteogenic sarcoma, malignant lymphomas. acute leukemia. In connection with the congenital nature of tumors in children, the theory of transplacental blastomogenesis was put forward, which involves the penetration of carcinogens through the placenta. These substances disrupt the course of embryogenesis and at different stages of it lead to different effects: in the first trimester of pregnancy to embryotoxic, in the second trimester - to teratogenic, in the third - to carcinogenic. Often leukemia, kidney tumor, neuroblastoma are combined with various defects. For acute lympho-regional leukemia, a combination with Down's syndrome is characteristic, for nephroblastoma - with hemihypertrophy and aniridia. Brain tumors are combined with malformations of the nervous system (nodular sclerosis and neurofibromatosis), bone tumors - with multiple exostoses, osteogenesis imperfecta. The occurrence of tumors in children is associated with a number of factors that adversely affect pregnancy. Many medicinal substances in one form or another degrees are mutagenic and carcinogenic action. It is argued that genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of most congenital tumors in children. This is especially true for retinoblastoma and nephroblastoma. [p. 405 ⇒]

With caution: severe atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels; violation of cerebral circulation; mental illness; epilepsy; history of seizures; severe renal and / or liver failure; elderly age. USE IN PREGNANCY AND BREAST-FEEDING. Since tinidazole and ciprofloxacin are excreted into breast milk, it is necessary to stop breast-feeding for the period of treatment with the drug, since tinidazole may cause mutagenic and carcinogenic action. METHOD OF APPLICATION AND DOSES. Inside, 1 hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal, drinking plenty of water. Do not break, chew or crush the tablet. Recommended dose - 1 tab. 2 times a day for 5-10 days. SIDE EFFECTS. From a hundred. digestive system: loss of appetite, dryness of the oral mucosa, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, cholestatic jaundice (especially in patients with previous liver diseases), hepatitis, hepatonecrosis. From the nervous system: headache, dizziness, fatigue, impaired coordination of movements (including locomotor ataxia), dysarthria, peripheral neuropathy; rarely - convulsions, weakness, anxiety, tremor, insomnia, nightmares, peripheral paralgesia (anomaly ... [p. 587 ⇒]

1. Aromatic hydrocarbons (solvents) benzene, toluene, xylene. When poisoned, these substances cause damage to the central nervous system due to the narcotic effect, when acting on the peripheral nervous system - polyneuritis. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, then - aplastic anemia. Hepatotropic action - toxic hepatitis, Allergenic effects, Gonadotropic action, mutagenic and carcinogenic action, especially under the action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) - a classic carcinogen - benzo (a) pyrene. 2. Fatty hydrocarbons - gasoline, etc. The clinic of poisoning in acute inhalation poisoning: CNS damage of a narcotic nature, agitation, coma, irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, lowering blood pressure, reddening of the skin of the face, dermatitis, hepatotropic effect. SYNTHETIC POLYMER MATERIALS AND PLASTICS At present, these substances are very widely used in industry and in everyday life, they have a very complex and diverse chemical composition. When developing hygienic requirements for these compounds used in everyday life, complex chemical and toxicological studies of substances released from polymers are carried out. It has been established that an increased release of toxic substances from these compounds occurs in the first 3-6 months of their use. Particularly hazardous substances, even at the level of chemical warfare agents (phosgene, hydrogen chloride and fluoride, etc.), are released into the air during the combustion of polymers and plastics, which mainly causes deaths in fires in rooms equipped with these materials. Components released from polymers and plastics can have: a narcotic effect on the central nervous system, an irritant effect on the upper respiratory tract, an effect on hematopoiesis, internal organs, ... [p. 299 ⇒]

Root canal filling during endodontic treatment, regardless of the diagnosis (pulpitis or periodontitis) and periodontal condition (there are or are no destructive changes in the bone tissue at the apex), should be carried out until the physiological narrowing of the canal, 1.0-1.5 mm short of the apex root. Removing the filling material beyond the tip is undesirable, and according to some authors, it is considered a complication. Contraindications for root canal filling after completion of its preparation. 1. The presence of pain in the tooth, pain on percussion and palpation along the transitional fold, respectively, at the top of the treated tooth. 2. Isolation of exudate from the root canal. 3. The presence of odor from the canal. Requirements for materials for canal filling. 1. Biological compatibility and no irritant effect on the periodontium. 2. Bactericidal properties. 3. Preservation of shape and volume after hardening. 4. Adhesive ability. 5. Resistance to resorption in tissue fluid. 6. Radiopacity. 7. Constancy of tooth color after filling. 8. Ease of insertion. 9. Long hardening time. 10. Ease of sterilization. eleven. Absence of mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. 12. Ease of extraction if necessary. It is easy to guess that the ideal filling material does not exist. However, the most optimal material is gutta-percha. It is inert to the surrounding tissues, almost does not change its volume, reliably obturates the canal,... [p. 230 ⇒]

The American Dental Association (ADA) has classified it as a List D drug, not recommended for practice. Sargenti proposed a new composition - RC-2B, almost no different from the famous N2. experimental but not clinically proven mutagenic and carcinogenic action of formaldehyde. Taking into account the wide popularity of the resorcinol-formalin method in Russia, as well as the prevalence of devitalization, including the use of paraformaldehyde, a wide range of appropriate drugs has appeared on our market: Rezodent (Vladmiva), Foredent (SpofaDental), Forferan (Septodont), Neo-Triozinc Pasta (Nishica), Timoform (Alfa-Beta) and others. Endomethasone, in principle, is also option No. 2. Perhaps this can explain its popularity among our dentists. With the correct application of the resorcinol-formalin method for pulpectomy, as Borovsky13 showed, i.e. in the teeth sealed “up to the top”, only in one of the 60 canals there was a development of periodontal pathology. For many decades, this method has been successfully used in our country for the treatment of “impassable” canals. Its effectiveness was satisfactory even taking into account the difficult channels, amounting to 50–70% among practitioners4,51. It should be considered that the incorrect technique of partial pulpectomy is a more significant cause of failure than the resorcinol-formalin mixture itself. Our doctors often pre-determine the buccal canals on the upper and mesial canals on the lower molars as “impassable”. Moreover, the operator often does not bother himself with searching and, even more so, developing even the mouths of these channels16. "Difficult" channels, natural or artificially obtained as a result of the formation of a step ... [p. 201 ⇒]

Materials for filling root canals. Composition, properties, mechanism of action. Endodontic treatment involves the sequential implementation of a series of procedures: anesthesia, access to root canals, isolation of the tooth, root canal passage, expansion, drug treatment and filling. Filling of the root canal system. Root canal filling should be carried out until the physiological narrowing of the canal, 1.0-1.5 mm short of the root apex. Removing the filling material beyond the top is undesirable. Contraindications for root canal filling after completion of its preparation. 1. The presence of pain in the tooth, pain on percussion and palpation along the transitional fold. 2. Isolation of exudate from the root canal. Requirements for materials for canal filling. 1. Biological compatibility and no irritant. 2. Bactericidal properties. 3. Preservation of shape and volume. 4. Adhesive ability. 5. Resistance to resorption in tissue fluid. 6. Radiopacity. 7. Tooth color constancy. 8. Ease of insertion. 9. Long hardening time. 10. Lightness sterilization.11.No mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. 12. Ease of extraction. The main methods of obturation of the root canal system 1. The method of one (central) pin. 2. Filling the canal with gutta-percha. 2.1. Side condensation method. 2.2. Vertical compaction of warm gutta-percha. 2.3. Sealing method with chemically softened gutta-percha. 2.4. Thermomechanical sealing of gutta-percha. 2.5. Obturation of the canal with gutta-percha injected with a syringe. 2.6. [p. 41 ⇒]

The body removes all foreign substances (xenobiotics) that enter it From the entrance to the exit of a xenobiotic from the body, cells, as a rule, must make it available for the corresponding systems, which requires chemical modification of the original CB, that is, its metabolism Metabolites formed in the body from xenobiotics , more reactive than the original CB, and therefore often 1) more biologically effective (formation of the active active form of drugs in the body) 2) more dangerous ( formation of toxins, mutagens and carcinogens from weakly toxic precursors). [p. 20 ⇒]

Glutathione transferase class M? are divided into 5 groups: GSTM1 - expressed in the liver and blood cells GSTM2 - only in the muscles GSTM3, GSTM4, GSTM5 - are detected in brain tissues. All these forms are synthesized from a single GSTM gene located on the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q13) and are the result of alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript. GSTM1 - exists in three alleles: A, B and 0 (no enzyme) In people with the genotype GSTM1 0/0 mutagenic and carcinogenic when smoked the effect is especially pronounced. Presence/absence of the GSTM1 gene in both chromosomes by PCR... [p. 33 ⇒]

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS Due to the increased sorption capacity, it removes toxic substances from the intestines. HETEROCYCLIC AROMATIC AMINES (HAA). Polycyclic chemical compounds formed in meat, poultry, fish during thermal cooking as a result of the interaction of creatine with free amino acids and sugars. In experiments on laboratory animals, it was found that GAA are the strongest mutagens and carcinogens food products. The mechanism of GAA formation is basically disclosed. The main active principle of the formation of GAA is creatine, which is part of the nitrogenous extractives of meat and fish. In the process of thermal cooking, creatine is converted into its anhydride creatinine, which interacts with the products of carbonyl-amine reactions (Maillard reactions). The interpretation of these reactions gives reason to believe that the products of Maillard reactions (melanoidins) are precursors of mutagens and carcinogens. GAA, which are derivatives of quinoline, quinoxaline, imidazopyridine and furopyridine, were found in finished meat and fish culinary products. The highest amounts of HAA are found in the colored crust of fried meat and fried fish, as well as in the meat juice flowing into the pan during frying. The study of technological factors influencing the intensity of GAA formation showed that the quantitative content of creatine in raw materials comes first, followed by the temperature and duration of heating. It is possible to minimize the formation of GAA in meat and fish in the following ways: use raw materials containing small amounts of creatine (young meat, chicken meat, marine fish); reduce the proportion of fried meat and fish dishes in diets; when frying meat and fish, use soft heating modes; do not use the “juice” for watering finished fried products; minced meat and fish products are prepared with vegetables, fruits. G I G I E N I CH E S K I E R E B O V A N I A (GT). GT for culinary products are the same as for food raw materials and food products (see Product Safety). The exception is chilled dishes, which are produced in specialized workshops of public catering establishments in accordance with the specifications and specifications, which have increased micro103... [p. 103 ⇒]

Ultraviolet radiation can have a carcinogenic effect in the region of 290-340 nm. The development of cancerous tumors is possible with an initial erythemal dose greater than the threshold dose by 40 or more times. Ultraviolet oncogenesis is a consequence of photodamage of genetic material. As a rule, in people with white skin, cancer occurs most often in exposed areas of the skin (head, neck, hands, forearm). The risk of skin cancer for fair-skinned people increases when living in low latitude areas with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Skin cancer most often occurs in people who spend most of their time outdoors. Mortality in non-melanoma skin cancer caused by ultraviolet radiation is about 1%, the mortality rate in malignant melanoma is more than 40 per 100,000 population. Ultraviolet deficiency adversely affects health and is manifested by a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the body, the development of anemia, deterioration in tissue regeneration, and a decrease in the body's resistance to infectious, mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. Violation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in children leads to rickets, in adults to osteoporosis, an increased incidence of dental caries. Preventive irradiation is carried out with the help of long-term light-irradiating installations (EUV, DKst lamps) and short-term installations - beacon, cabin and labyrinth type photo-irradiation installations (EUV and PRK lamps). The beneficial effect of artificial ultraviolet radiation is possible subject to the mandatory determination of the threshold erythemal dose or biodose. Biodose - the minimum amount that causes a barely noticeable reddening - erythema - 8-20 hours after irradiation on untanned human skin. The biodose for each person must be determined experimentally in each person. Individual sensitivity depends on age, gender, skin color, hair, the presence of a number of diseases. The dose that allows preventing and curing hypo- and avitominosis D, other negative consequences of light starvation, is called the minimum daily prophylactic dose and is 1/8 of the biodose. Optimal or 17... [p. 17 ⇒]

G. Mutagens and carcinogens Some types of plants contain substances for animals. This type of compounds includes the already mentioned aristocholic acid (slots and azaron). Most often, mutagens of plant origin are flavonoids, which include, for example, querce (tin - a pigment that determines the yellow color of dry onion scales (Allium sulfur L.). From bracken (Pteridium aquillinum) tissues, the substance aquilid A was isolated, which provides more than half of the mutagenic activity of the plant. ). [p. 64 ⇒]

Describe the types of plant metabolites that affect phytophages. 7. How do interactions involving higher plants differ from interactions involving higher plants and animals? 8. What is the biological significance of higher plant interactions? 10. Give examples of plant toxins 11. Name the main groups of plant glycosides 12. What is the toxic effect of cyanogenic glycosides 13. The mechanism of the toxic action of fluoroacetic acid 14. What environmental factors, in your opinion, can on the ability of plants to produce substances toxic to phytophages? 15. What substances can be classified as food deterrents? 16. What is the role of food deterrents in biological diversity? 17. How does the action of food attractants differ from the action of food repellents? Give examples of food attractants. 18. What functions do ontoge chemoregulators perform? neza and fecundity of phytophages? 19. List the functions of phytoecdysones and juvenile hormones. 20. What causes the toxic effect of phytoestrogens on the organism of humans and animals? 21. List the types of plants containing substances which are mutagens and carcinogens. 22. Mechanism of action of antiovipositants. 23. What is the practical application of sinomones?... [p. 67 ⇒]

How to Store and Use Vegetable Oil Properly All vegetable oils deteriorate rapidly under the influence of light, temperature and air, which intensify the oxidation process. Therefore, never keep the oil near the stove or on the windowsill, as well as in an open bottle. All the same, it is better to keep valuable olive oil in the “warmest” chamber of the refrigerator. You can not buy expired oil or stock it for future use: spoiled oil becomes rancid, with an unpleasant taste and smell. There is no need to talk about the benefits of such an oil. Even olive oil cannot be reused after frying. It produces toxic compounds that are mutagenic and carcinogenic action. [p. 196 ⇒]

Tobacco - just the facts Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 components, many of which are pharmacologically active, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Tobacco smoke is highly complex and contains thousands of chemicals that enter the air as particles or gases. The particulate phase is made up of tar (which in turn is made up of many chemicals), nicotine, and benzo(a)pyrene. The gas phase consists of carbon monoxide, ammonium, dimethylnitrosamine, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein. Some of these substances have pronounced irritant properties, and about 60 of them are known or suspected carcinogens (substances that cause cancer). Tar is the most dangerous chemical in cigarettes. While people mostly smoke because of the effects of nicotine on the brain, they die mainly due to the effects of tar. When smoke enters the mouth as a concentrated aerosol, it brings with it millions of particles per cubic centimeter. As it cools, it condenses and forms a resin that settles in the airways of the lungs. Resin is a substance that causes cancer and lung disease. The resin causes paralysis of the cleansing process in the lungs and damages the alveolar sacs. It reduces the effectiveness of the immune system Lungs of smokers. Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas found in high concentrations in cigarette smoke. Its ability to combine with hemoglobin is 200 times greater than that of oxygen, and therefore it replaces oxygen. In this regard, the increased level of carbon monoxide in a smoker reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen, which affects the functioning of all body tissues. The brain and muscles (including the heart) cannot function at their full potential without an adequate supply of oxygen, and in order to compensate for the reduced supply of oxygen to the body, the heart and lungs are forced to work harder, which causes circulation problems. Carbon monoxide also damages artery walls and increases the risk of coronary artery narrowing, leading to heart attacks. Hydrogen cyanide has a direct detrimental effect on the cilia of the bronchial tree, part of the natural cleansing mechanism of the lungs of smokers with lung disease in humans. Damage to this aging system can lead to the accumulation of toxic agents in the lungs, thus increasing the likelihood of ra4... [p. 4 ⇒]

First registered in Kyushu (Japan). 1,000 people became ill after eating vegetable oil from rice treated with PCBs. Clinical signs: vomiting, nausea, weakness, skin hyperkeratosis, chloracne, bronchitis, hepatitis, neurological disorders. PCBs cross the placental barrier and enter the milk. Therefore, women who had been ill during pregnancy had children with manifestations of Yusho's disease. PCBs have a carcinogenic effect Saturnism General weakness, loss of appetite, tremor of the extremities Groundwater, weight loss, unpleasant taste in the mouth, swine 0.1-20mkg/l; gum border, abdominal pain, signs of anesthesia. Subsequently, paresis, paralysis, impaired hematopoiesis, encephalopathy, chronic hepato- and 0.3-5 mcg / l. nephropathy, anorexia, lead colic. There is a correlation with the incidence of mental retardation of 0.03 mg / l in children, mortality from kidney cancer and leukemia Natural Itai-itai Discovered for the first time in Japan (in Fuku, Toyama prefectures), where rice fields were irrigated with water from re0 05-1 µg/l, ki Jintsu, into which industrial wastes containing Cd were dumped into natural effluents. 3000 patients with BGHP are registered. The daily intake of Cd in the body is up to 10 µg/l. lo 300 mcg or more. Cd - antagonist of Ca, Se, Fe, Zn, MPC - Co. In pathogenesis - dysfunction of the proximal parts of the renal tubules due to the deposition of 0.001 mg / l of cadmium, which led to excessive loss of mineral elements of bone tissue with urine. The disease was manifested by severe pain in the legs and lower back due to osteomalacia and osteoporosis, which contributed to multiple bone fractures (especially the shoulder, elbow, pelvic, femoral, ribs, etc.) and the occurrence of skeletal deformities. It was accompanied by iron deficiency hypochromic anemia, tubular dysfunction of the kidneys, dysfunction of the pancreas and enteropathy. Cadmium is teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects Underground Hoofed Case of mass poisoning in the Chelyabinsk region - typhoid disease as a result of drinking water from 0.002-0.8 mg / l; preserved mine, where arsenic-surface ore was mined. The content of arsenic in water reached 3-6 mg/l. Nausea, vomiting, worsening of 0.003-10 mg/l are observed. appetite, headache, hyperkeratosis, dermatitis, hair loss, brittle nails, neuritis, paralysis, deterioration of tactile sensitivity, visual impairment of 0.05 mg/l, liver damage. Incidence of oncological diseases is on the rise. Natural Yusho waters: clean - (oil up to 0.5 ng/l; disease) moderately polluted - 0.5-50 ng/l; polluted - over 50 ng/l... [p. 66 ⇒]

Noteworthy is the fact that fluorine has a very narrow range of physiological doses. When drinking water with a fluorine content of 1.5 mg/l, mild forms of fluorosis can be observed in 20% of cases, while when using water with a fluorine content of 0.7 mg/l or less, the incidence of caries increases. These circumstances make the problem of hygienic regulation of fluorine in water very acute. Nitrates are permanent constituents of natural waters. Their hygienic significance is discussed in the subsection "Endemic value of water" (see pp. 60-62). Recall that nitrates are natural products of aerobic oxidation of organic nitrogen-containing substances in the soil and water of reservoirs, which gives them the importance of sanitary-chemical indicators of epidemic water safety. But the rationing of nitrates in drinking water is not based on this, but on ensuring the safety of their content for health. As mentioned above, with a high content of nitrates in drinking water are associated: 1) water-nitrate methemoglobinemia in newborns, young children and the elderly; 2) the formation of nitrosamines and nitrosamides, mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. Water-nitrate methemoglobinemia in infants under 1 year of age was first reported by Comley in 1945 and Walton in 1940-1950. In the next 10-15 years, over 1000 cases of this disease in young children were registered in different countries of the world. Over 100 children have died. In Czechoslovakia, 115 cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported as a result of the use of water with nitrate concentrations between 70 and 250 mg/l. At the same time, in 40% of cases, a mild form of the disease was observed, in 52% - severe, and in 8% - with fatal outcomes. An in-depth study of the chronic effect of subclinical doses of nitrates found that mild methemoglobinemia (methemoglobin concentration in the blood 5-15%) can develop in children with prolonged use of water with a nitrate content of 50 mg/l. In addition to water-nitrate methemoglobinemia, the negative health effects of nitrates may be due to the fact that they are precursors of nitrosamines and nitrosamides, which are characterized by mutagenic and carcinogenic action. Based on epidemiological studies, a correlation was found between the concentration of nitrates in drinking water and the incidence of atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer. A high incidence of stomach cancer is associated with significant concentrations of nitrates in drinking water - 90 mg/l or more. Therefore, in order to prevent the negative impact of nitrates on human health, in order to prevent the occurrence of water-nitrate methemoglobinemia, it is necessary that the concentration of nitrates in drinking water does not exceed 45 mg / l for nitrate ion (or 10 mg / l for nitrate nitrogen), which is reflected in the state standard for drinking tap water. [p. 89 ⇒]

IV. The principle of threshold action implies the presence of doses / concentrations of a harmful factor that do not have a harmful effect. The main concept is the threshold level of exposure, the excess of which will lead to a violation of physiological reactions that are adaptive in nature and characteristic of a healthy body. Exception: mutagenic and carcinogenic factors (chemicals, some aerosols, ionizing radiation) that have a stochastic (non-threshold) effect. The non-threshold concept of normalization, based on the methodology of risk assessment, assumes as an acceptable risk value the appearance of one additional malignant tumor in 1 million people, that is, at the level of 10-6 among the entire population, and in 100 thousand workers with occupational contact with a carcinogen , that is, at the level of 10-5 among employed people. V. The principle of dependence of the effect on concentration / dose and exposure time. For acute (single) exposure to a harmful factor, the effect of which is recorded instantly, the dose-effect relationship is used. In case of chronic exposure, the nature of the "dose - time - effect" dependence is determined by the ratio of the processes of accumulation (cumulation of a substance and / or effects in the body) and adaptation of the body (adaptation, compensation), which allows a change in the nature and specificity of the impact of a harmful factor in the transition from acute (single ) exposure to chronic (repeated) exposure. VI. The principle of biological modeling to justify the degree of harmfulness and danger of the normalized factor. The basic model - small laboratory animals (mammals) - is used in experiments when reproducing the conditions of exposure to a harmful environmental factor (introduction route, exposure, exposure mode, etc.). Alternative models - cell and tissue cultures in vitro, simple unicellular and multicellular organisms (microbes, ciliates, daphnia, aquarium fish, etc.), isolated perfused organs, organ and tissue homogenates, biomaterials (blood, urine, saliva, hair, spermatozoa etc.) - are used to predict MPC and evaluate a specific action. The data obtained are transferred (extrapolated) to a person using a safety factor, the value of which is set depending on the toxicity and danger of the substance, the severity of species differences and taking into account the environmental object (drinking water, water of reservoirs, soil, atmospheric air, air of the working area, products nutrition). In recent decades, accelerated methods of hygienic rationing have been introduced, based on the calculation of toxicity and / or hazard parameters based on the already established relationships between chemical structure parameters (Huntch, Hammett constants and ... [p. 11 ⇒]

The influence of an excess amount of fats on carcinogenesis is carried out, apparently, according to the type of cocarcinogenesis. The end products of oxidation and reoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids are strong mutagens and carcinogens. Trans fatty acids reduce the activity of cytochrome oxidase, which plays a key role in the processes of neutralization of carcinogens. The most common cancer sites (colon, rectum, breast, and prostate) are more common in people who eat a lot of fat. Liver tumors can occur with protein-energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor). An increased risk of colon and rectal cancer is associated with a lack of fiber. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and liver. It is believed that alcohol and tobacco combustion products have a synergistic carcinogenic effect and stimulate the activity of another factor of carcinogenesis - Helicobacter pylori. Chemicals found in foodstuffs also have carcinogenic properties. These include nitrosamines, which are formed from nitrates and nitrites that enter products either in the food chain or as a result of the technological processing of meat and fish products. The largest amount of nitrosamines is found in smoked meat products, ham, canned meat, salted and smoked fish. Mold toxins - mycotoxins produced by mold during improper storage of products have a carcinogenic effect. These include aflatoxins and patulin. Aflatoxins are found in peanuts and corn, and patulin is found in... [p. 271 ⇒]

Their presence has been found in all elements of the natural environment (air, soil, water, biota) from the Arctic to Antarctica. PAHs that have pronounced toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties are numerous. Their number reaches 200. At the same time, PAHs distributed throughout the biosphere are no more than a few dozen. These are anthracene, fluoranthrene, pyrene, chrysene and some others. The most characteristic and most common among PAHs is benzo(a)pyrene (BP):... [p. 89 ⇒]

Many mycotoxins of micromycetes are highly toxic compounds, and some of them have a pronounced embryotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic action. Acute poisoning with mycotoxins is relatively rare, but mycotoxicoses are still a serious economic and medical problem (as a long-term consequence of eating food and feed contaminated with fungi). MYCOTOXINS Aflatoxins (more than ten compounds) are furocoumarins in their chemical structure. They selectively affect the liver and inhibit protein synthesis. Within a few hours after the administration of aflatoxins, structural disturbances in hepatocytes are noted: degranulation of the rough and proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In acute poisoning with aflatoxin B1, foci of necrosis develop not only in the liver, but also in the myocardium, kidneys, and spleen. Currently, aflatoxins are considered the most powerful hepatotropic poisons with pronounced carcinogenic properties. Poisoning occurs when eating food or feed contaminated with aflatoxins (often slightly or noticeably spoiled due to improper storage). The main symptoms of acute poisoning include: lethargy, lack of appetite, impaired coordination of movements, convulsions, paresis, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, weight loss, developmental delay. Specific symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis are: coagulopathy and multiple hemorrhages, edema, dropsy and, in some cases, the development of jaundice. In animals (poults, ducklings, calves, pigs), acute toxicosis caused by aflatoxins is characterized by the rapid development of symptoms of general poisoning, significant changes in the liver and high mortality. Trichothecene mycotoxins. More than 40 trichothecene mycotoxins are known as sesquiterpenes. Four compounds have been identified as natural food contaminants: T-2-toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and diacetoxyskirpenol. Trichothecene mycotoxins inhibit the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, change the functional activity of mitochondria, damage the lysosomes of epithelial cells, causing their necrosis and thereby additionally opening the gates of infection, and selectively damage the lysosomes of stem cells of hematopoietic organs, resulting in a sharp drop in the number of blood cells, the general immunoreactivity decreases, hemorrhages and anemia develop. nineteen... [p. 19 ⇒]

Corn oil is very useful: it cleanses the walls of blood vessels, lowers cholesterol, reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Walnut oil is useful, but we practically do not have it. Meanwhile, it can be prepared: 100 g of peeled (walnuts) nuts are taken, the kernels are crushed, placed in a vessel with a narrow neck and 1 liter of sunflower or linseed oil is poured. Infuse for 2 weeks in a sealed container, shaking it occasionally. Then the oil is squeezed out: it helps well with hypertension, diseases of the liver, kidneys, atherosclerosis, improves metabolic processes. Pour vegetable oil bought in plastic containers immediately after purchase into dark glass or ceramic dishes, and to keep it for a long time, add a little salt or a few dry beans. Unrefined oils can only be consumed fresh, because when fried, they lose all their qualities, and the vitamins and essential fatty acids present in them decompose, releasing toxic substances into food, mutagenic and carcinogenic qualities. Seeds and nuts can serve as a rich source of essential fatty acids and vitamins: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of oil can replace 1-2 tbsp. spoons of sunflower or pumpkin seeds, or 2-3 walnuts, or 6 almonds, or 20 peanuts. Now, as a fat, it is recommended to use margarine, the initial product of which is vegetable oil. Recently, however, there are more and more reports that margarine is not so harmless to the body. According to their molecular structure, fats, and these are unsaturated fatty acids, exist in two forms: cisisomers and transisomers. And although they have the same atoms, their spatial arrangement in the molecule is different, and therefore they have different properties. Only the cisisomer is used as a building material in a normal cell. If the molecule is a transisomer, then the biological properties of the cell membrane change and contribute to the development of the pathological process. So, during the heat treatment of vegetable oil and the production of margarine from it, part of the cisisomers is replaced by transisomers, due to which liquid oils turn into harmful fats. It has been established that trans-isomers disrupt the functioning of enzymes (as is known, only the pancreas secretes 24 enzymes), the structure of cell membranes changes, resulting in an increase in cholesterol levels, the likelihood of developing a heart attack, and diabetes. Increased susceptibility to cancer. For example, when using 40 g of margarine, which contains 5 g of trans-isomers, the risk of a heart attack increases by 50%, in pregnant women, metabolic disorders in the child's body and endocrine disorders are possible. In addition, during the preparation of margarine, the oil is enriched with oxygen at elevated temperatures, which makes it hard. This changes the molecular composition of fat, resulting in the formation of trans-fatty acids, potentially toxic and carcinogenic. Keep in mind that yellow color and chemical flavors are added to this, which make margarine look like butter. What to do? Fats, of course, are needed, but it is better to reduce their amount and use lard or melted butter, and lard is best. The fact is that lard contains arachidonic acid, without which it is impossible to build ... [p. 40 ⇒]

According to our data, this is due to the fact that guinea pigs have a highly active glutathione system (this is a tripeptide consisting of three amino acids - glutamic, glycine and cysteine, and capable of intensive oxidation and reduction, is of decisive importance in protecting the nuclear apparatus cells from mutagens and carcinogens) resource-fuelled connective tissue. Rats do not have this and it is easy on them both mutagenesis and carcinogenesis are modeled , despite their resistance to powerful damaging factors due to the powerful liver and coarse fibrous connective tissue. This difference may be due to the fact that guinea pigs living on islands near South America either received an excess of ascorbic acid with food, or were exposed to increased exposure to radiation (glutathione and other sulfur-containing amino acids protect the body from ionizing radiation), or received with food something that which is not found in other regions of the Earth and which requires large amounts of glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids for neutralization, or a combination of all these factors. But the fact remains that guinea pigs are the only experimental animals that are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid and produce large amounts of glutathione in tissues in exchange for it. In this sense, they are close to humans. Rats, being a kind of biological relic (the first mammals looked like rats) and, living in a polluted environment and being exposed to various adverse effects in order to survive, retained the ability to withstand numerous negative factors, and, if necessary, quickly mutate. But at the same time, they are forced to sacrifice resistance to mutagens of the nuclear apparatus. Therefore, they do not have glutathione protection. Guinea pigs, as well as humans, and some primates are not able to synthesize ascorbic acid and are completely reoriented to the dominance of the glutathione system in defense mechanisms. Exploring the features of the metabolic involvement of the brain and nervous tissue, as well as the liver (as the two most massive parenchymal organs - 2% of the human body weight each), we found that the brain, as a participant in adaptive metabolic processes, has the greatest importance in the FIRST YEARS OF A CHILD'S LIFE. In the intrauterine period of life, the fetal brain, together with the mother, takes part in the regulation of its own metabolism, and the same chemicals are necessary for the implementation of such interaction (taurine, cysteic acid, glutathione, etc.). As the child grows and develops, the role of metabolic and intuitive mechanisms of adaptation involving the brain is lost, as well as structures that are unnecessary at a certain stage of ontogenesis are lost. The role of the brain as a supplier of metabolites sharply decreases and its role as a nerve control center increases. At the same time, the role of the connective tissue is also changing - from the metabolic resource of the brain, it turns into an independent structure with its own functions. At the same time, the liver (lipoproteins, immune proteins, detoxification systems, and much more characteristic of the liver as a “biochemical laboratory” of the body) begins to acquire more and more importance in metabolism, coordinating the functions of the most important adaptive systems of the body. A person becomes an adult, able to endure various stressful effects of the environment. For the most complete realization of human capabilities, it is necessary that the external environment for the child's organism CREATE CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMUM DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN STRUCTURES FORMING AT THE CURRENT MOMENT. But in modern conditions, with the cult of competitiveness, education has turned into a kind of sport - whose child will begin to read, write and count earlier. It is no longer a rarity for two-three-year-old literate children, and it is not possible to stop the parental excitement in this direction. Sovereign... [p. 3 ⇒]

The irradiation process itself is ugly simple - pallets of food are placed in a special chamber, where a grate with cobalt -60 (a radioactive isotope of cobalt) rises from the water and bombards the products with radiation. Manufacturers assure that if everything is done according to the rules, products after irradiation do not become radioactive, but become sterile. But we can say more precisely - they become none. Irradiation breaks down vitamins, enzymes, makes the product "dead". In addition, radiation breaks down the molecular structure, resulting in a set of chemicals called "unique radiolytic products." These include benzene, formaldehyde and many other mutagens and carcinogens. [p. 131 ⇒]

The addition of certain types of fats, high temperature, long-term heat treatment can not only significantly increase the nutritional value of the final dish, but also “supply” it with unwanted fat polymerization products, melanoidins, products of the interaction of fats and amino acids. mutagenic and carcinogenic action. [p. 2⇒]

The dose of active chlorine should be specified during operation, while the amount of residual chlorine in disinfected water after contact should be at least 1.5 g/m3 (10). Chlorine management of treatment facilities should provide the possibility of increasing the estimated dose of chlorine by 1.5 times without changing the capacity of warehouses for reagents (10). One of the significant negative properties of chlorination is the formation of organochlorine compounds and chloramines. According to numerous Soviet and foreign researchers, organochlorine compounds have a high toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, are able to accumulate in bottom sediments, tissues of aquatic organisms and, ultimately, enter the human body through trophic chains. These compounds are highly resistant to biodegradation and cause river pollution at considerable distances downstream. The content of chlorinated carbohydrates in fish, algae, and plankton is in close correlation with their content in bottom sediments. Even a single contamination of bottom sediments can lead to permanent local contamination of aquatic organisms for a long time (up to several years) after this contamination has occurred. The formation of chloramines is also an extremely undesirable phenomenon. These substances, according to studies by numerous authors, even at very low concentrations cause serious physiological changes in hydrobionts and even their death, which leads to disruption of life in water bodies. Chlorinated water is acutely toxic to these test objects, including has a high carcinogenic and mutagenic activity towards humans. Concern over the toxicity of traces of residual chlorine and chloramines led many US states to adopt regulations in the late 1970s limiting residual chlorine concentrations to 0.1 mg/L. Such...

Substances such as DDT, PCBs and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been known for many years to be potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. Their dangerous effect on humans is manifested as a result of prolonged contact of these substances contained in the air and food products.

According to data obtained from experiments with animals, the carcinogenic effect is carried out as a result of a two-stage mechanism: “genotoxic initiation” and “epigenetic promotion”. Initiators in the process of interaction with DNA cause irreversible somatic mutations, and a very small dose of the initiator is sufficient; it is assumed that for this effect there are no concentration thresholds below which it does not occur.

The promoter needs a longer time of exposure to the body to cause the appearance of a tumor. Promoters are very important because they enhance the action of the initiator, and their own effect on the body is reversible for some time. Based on animal experiments, it has been shown that phenobarbital, DDT, TCDD, PCBs and chloroform are promoters. The promoting effect of hepatocarcinogens is detected by an increase in the so-called preneoplastic cell formations.

The mutagenic effect of PAHs (eg, benzopyrenes), nitroaromatic compounds, and many pesticides, typical chemical products entering water bodies and soil, has been proven. Many compounds have genotoxic potential, i.e. they are capable of causing significant genetic changes. Mutagens can cause genetic mutation or lead to mutations of larger biochemical units (eg, chromosomes, DNA), the formation of adducts, chain breaks, the inability to restore the structure. The next stages of mutations may be chromosomal aberration, chromatid exchange, etc.

The process of the occurrence of mutations can be easily imagined by the example of the reactions of alkylating substances. By introducing alkyl groups into DNA bases (for example, guanine), the latter are removed from DNA, which leads to the cessation of reproduction of the base sequence in the DNA chain. Nitrites also promote mutations, for example, during which cytosine is deaminated to uracil or adenine to hypoxanthine. Since uracil and hypoxanthium are also capable of addition reactions, like thymine and guanine, this leads to changes in the transcription of the DNA chain.

The considered effect of chemicals on genes, depending on whether it occurs in the germ cell or somatic, leads either to heritable changes or to phenotypic changes in the body. Usually, mutagenic influences are called only those that cause heritable changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene that determines the structure of the protein.

In non-replicating somatic cells, the distortion of the process, transcription leads to irreversible DNA damage, and hence to changes in the cell phenotype. However, due to the fact that such changes are not inherited, they cannot be called genetic in the usual sense of the term.

Chromosomal aberrations in germ cells lead to the death of the embryo or anomalies in the development of newborns. Effects on somatic cells caused by chemicals, such as mitotic disturbances, are difficult to recognize and difficult to predict. This is due to the fact that such cells are isolated and replaced by healthy ones by the body itself.

The main criteria for the occurrence of mutagenesis (carcinogenesis) under the action of chemicals:

• ? Activation of enzymes, changes in DNA, as well as other macromolecules and nucleophilic groups when exposed to electrophilic substances.
• ? Cells are only partially capable of removing chemically modified DNA fragments and restoring its structure.
• ? The ability of chemicals to activate enzymes largely depends on the type of cell and the stage of its development (proliferation phase), as well as on the type of organism.
• ? Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process driven by a sequence of synergistically acting factors that depend in part on the "microenvironment" of the cancer cell.
• ? Tumor promoters are only conditionally mutagenic, but mutagenic chemicals can be tumor promoters; mutations only under certain conditions lead to the formation of tumors.
• ? Chemical carcinogens act either directly (without metabolic activation, e.g. alkyl halides, epoxides, sulfate alkyl ethers) or indirectly through metabolites (after pre-activation as a result of biochemical oxidation or hydroxylation, such as PAHs, azo-, N-nitroso compounds, aromatic amines , metals).

A very sensitive characteristic for assessing the toxicity of a chemical substance is the study of disturbances in the behavior of the body as a result of the total impact on biochemical and physiological processes. Here it is possible to generalize the extrapolation of data on the lethal concentration of LK 50 to the most important "reactions of the body."

When determining the sublethal toxicity of fish, changes in swimming functions were used as signs of exposure to the toxin. The study of fish behavior was carried out in the course of long-term observations, sometimes on the basis of recording the swimming movements of fish with a video recorder, as well as calculated data.

Dangerous dyes: E102, E110, E120, E124.

Carcinogens (substance or physical agent (radiation) that can cause the development of malignant neoplasms or contribute to their occurrence.):

E103, E105, E110, E121, E123, E125, E126, E130, E131, E142, E152, E153, E210, E211, E213 - E217, E231, E232, E240, E251, E252, E321, E330, E431, E447, E900, E905, E907, E952, Aspartame.

Cause malignant tumors:

E103, U105, E121, E123, E125, E126, E130, E131, E142, E152, E210, E211, E213-217, E230, E231, E232, E239, E240, E311-313, E330, E447, E626, E630.

Mutagenic and genotoxic:

E104, E124, E128, E230 - E233, Aspartame.

Cause diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys:

E102, E110, E171-173, E221-226, E320-322, E338-341, E407, E450, E461-466.

Allergens:

E131, E132, E160b, E210, E214, E217, E230, E231, E232, E239, E311 - E313, Aspartame.

Undesirable for asthmatics:

E102, E107, E122 - E124, E155, E211 - E214, E217, E221 - E227.

Undesirable for people sensitive to aspirin:

E107, E110, E122 - E124, E155, E214, E217.

Affect the liver and kidneys:

E171 - E173, E220, E302, E320 - E322, E510, E518.

Thyroid dysfunction: E127.

Lead to skin diseases: E230 - E233.

Irritation of the intestines: E220 - E224.

Digestive disorder:

E338 - E341, E407, E450, E461, E463, E465, E466.

Incorrect fetal development: E233.

Forbidden for infants, undesirable for small children:

E249, E262, E310 - E312, E320, E514, E623, E626 - E635.

Affects the level of cholesterol in the blood: E320.

Destroy vitamins in the body:

B1 - E220,

B12 - E222 - E227,

Officially banned in Russia:

Dyes E-121 and E-123,

Preservatives E-216, E-217 and E-240.
1. Dyes (E-100 - E-199)

E102 - Causes asthma attacks. Banned in some countries

E107 - Use with caution in asthma.

E110 - May cause allergic reactions, nausea. Banned in several countries.

E120 - Some health authorities advise avoiding it.

E123- Banned in Russia! Banned in several countries. Incl. causes malformations in the fetus. Leads to the accumulation of lime in the kidneys!

E129-Carcinogen. Banned in several countries.

E132 - May cause nausea, fever and other allergic reactions Banned in Norway.

E200 - May cause skin reactions.

E210 - May provoke asthma attacks.

E218 - Allergic skin reactions are possible.

E220 - Use with caution in people with renal insufficiency.

Dangerous for asthmatics! May be found in white wines!

E221 - Preservative, antioxidant. Dangerous for asthmatics!

E223 - Preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent. Dangerous for asthmatics!

E224 - Dangerous for asthmatics!

E225 - Preservative, antioxidant. Dangerous for asthmatics!

E228 - Dangerous for asthmatics!

E230 - Banned in a number of countries. In animals in high doses causes internal bleeding and organ changes.

E235 - May cause allergic reactions, nausea and diarrhea.

E249- Possibly a carcinogen. It is forbidden to use in baby food.

E250 - Sodium nitrite - cases of mass poisoning and even death due to the erroneous use of high doses of nitrite. In small concentrations, it is capable of functional cumulation, the development of oncological diseases is possible.

E251- Sodium nitrate - Possible intoxication from the use of nitrates in high concentrations.

In the human body, they can turn into more dangerous nitrites.

E252 - Potassium nitrate - Its use is restricted in many countries. Without these additives, it is impossible to imagine sausages.

Nitroadditives are found not only in sausages, but also in smoked fish, sprats, and canned herring. They are also added to hard cheeses to prevent swelling.

Currently, manufacturers add ascorbic acid to bacon to prevent the formation of nitrosamines.

Sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are thought to be responsible for the increased excitability of the nervous system in children. Nitrites, in high concentrations, can lead to poisoning and even death. The fact is that, coming from the intestines into the blood, nitrites bind hemoglobin and do not allow oxygen to join. This causes hypoxia (oxygen starvation) of the body.

People suffering from diseases of the liver, intestines, dysbacteriosis, cholecystitis should be excluded from the diet products containing E250 - sodium nitrite, E251 - sodium nitrate, E252 - potassium nitrate. In such people, part of the nitrates, getting into the gastrointestinal tract, turns into more toxic nitrites, which, in turn, form quite strong carcinogens - nitrosamines.

E264 - May cause nausea.

E281-E283 - May cause migraine.

E-285 - Metabolic disorders!
3. Antioxidants, acidity regulators (E-300 - E-391)

E300 - Ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It affects various body functions, increases resistance to adverse effects, and promotes regeneration. The absence of ascorbic acid in human food causes scurvy, lowers resistance to disease.

Ascorbic acid is a vitamin C, which must be supplied daily in sufficient quantities to the human body with food.
4. Stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners (E-400 - E-481)

E450 - Pyrophosphates. The use of phosphates can lead to an imbalance in the body between phosphorus and calcium. Excessive consumption of phosphates is fraught with a deterioration in the absorption of calcium, which leads to the deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the kidneys and contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, you need to be careful about the use of products containing phosphates. Especially at risk are people whose diet contains a lot of products containing natural phosphorus.

Destroys calcium, magnesium, iron!

E451 - Triphosphates. Diphosphates, monophosphates, triphosphates, phosphoric acid, phosphates (substances that regulate acidity) cause irritability, anxiety, nervousness in children, and affect calcium metabolism in the body.
5. Miscellaneous (E-500 - E-585)
6. Flavor and aroma enhancers (E-600 - E-699)

E622 - May cause nausea, diarrhea, colic.

E635 - Banned in a number of countries.
7. Glazing agents, bread and flour improvers, defoamers and sweeteners (E-900 - E-999)

E901 - Beeswax, white and yellow - Allergic reactions are possible.

E902 - Candle wax - Allergic reactions are possible.

E904 - Allergic reactions are possible

E924a - Flour and bread improver - Banned in Russia!

E924в - Flour and bread improver. - Banned in Russia!

E951 - Aspartame - sweetener, flavor and aroma enhancer. - Lots of side effects.

200 times sweeter than sugar. In Japan and the USA - genetically modified! With poor cleaning and in high dosage, it can be hazardous to health! The allowable dose per day is 40 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

In a person weighing 60 kg, this dose is already achieved after consuming 1.2 kg of 'Light' yoghurt or 8 cups of aspartame-sweetened coffee.

E965 - Maltitol and maltitol syrup - sweetener, stabilizer, emulsifier. No more than 20 grams per day! Children are not recommended at all!

E966 - sweetener, texturer. May cause stomach upset. No more than 20 grams per day!

E967-Xylitol - sweetener, water-retaining agent, stabilizer, emulsifier - Causes stone and kidney disease in laboratory animals.
8. Enzyme preparations (E-1100 - E-1105)
Detailed characteristics of some nutritional supplements

Acesulfame-K (acesulfame potassium)

Artificial sugar substitute.

Found in most "sugar-free" and "zero-calorie" products. Also used as a table sugar substitute.

Studies conducted in 1970 showed that acesulfame-K could cause cancer.

beta-carotene

Coloring or food additive

Contained in cream for coffee, margarine.

Contains an orange pigment that is converted into vitamin A in the body.

Twice conducted studies have confirmed: high doses of beta-carotene increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. However, consuming the small amounts found in foods is safe even for them.

potassium bromate

Additive to improve the quality of flour

Contained in white flour.

It is used to increase the volume of bread and improve the structure of the crumb. Most bromates rapidly decompose into harmless bromide forms.

Bromates themselves can cause cancer in animals, and their meager amounts contained in bread also pose a negligible risk. Bromates are banned in the UK and South Africa. Dangerously! Attention - a carcinogen!

Butylhydroxyanisole (VNA) and Butylhydroxytoluene

Antioxidants. Prevent rancidity of fats and oils.

Contained in cereal products, chewing gum, vegetable oil, potato chips.

In some animal studies, its use increased the risk of cancer.

Carefully! Can be dangerous and more research is needed.

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

Used to enhance flavor. The same as the sodium salt of glutamic acid.

Found in chips, restaurant food, salad dressings and soups.

More serious reactions include irregular heartbeat and difficulty breathing. It is also the cause of asthmatic reactions.

These symptoms are referred to as Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, as MSG is often used in oriental recipes.

Caffeine

Flavoring and stimulating additive

Found in soft drinks, frozen desserts, tea. Natural caffeine is found in coffee and cocoa.

Addictive. May cause insomnia and nervous agitation.

Many coffee drinkers experience headaches, irritability, drowsiness, and other symptoms after abruptly stopping coffee.

Caffeine increases the risk of miscarriage, possible birth defects and delays embryonic development. Women should avoid caffeine before and during pregnancy. Caffeine can also make it difficult to conceive.

Sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate

Coloring, seasoning and preservative

Found in bacon, corned beef, sausages, ham, cold meats and smoked fish.

Sodium nitrite is a red color stabilizer for cured meats and a flavoring agent. Without it, hot dogs and bacon would be grey.

Sodium nitrate is used for dry preservation of meat, such as ham, because it breaks down more slowly into nitrite.

Nitrites also slow down the growth of bacteria that cause botulism.

Adding nitrites to foods can increase exposure to nitrosamines, which are cancer-causing agents found in high levels in fried bacon.

Currently, manufacturers add ascorbic acid to bacon to prevent the formation of nitrosamines.

Dangerously! Attention - a carcinogen!

propyl gallate

Antioxidant and preservative.

Found in chewing gum, chicken soups, meat products, potato sticks and vegetable oil.

Preserves fat and oils, often used in BHA and BHT. Experiments have shown that it can cause the development of cancer in animals.

Carefully! May be dangerous and more research is needed.

Sugar (sucrose)

Sweetener

Found in sweets.

Sucrose (table sugar) is naturally found in fruits, sugar cane, and sugar beets.

Sugar, sugar syrup, and other refined sweeteners average 15% to 20% of food intake, but they lack vitamins, minerals, fiber, and protein.

Sucrose and other refined sugars can contribute to weight gain and tooth decay, and in people with high blood triglycerides, they can cause cardiovascular disease.

Salt (sodium chloride)

Seasoning and preservative.

Found in most processed foods.

Salt abuse increases the risk of developing arterial hypertension, which in turn causes heart attacks and strokes.

Use should be reduced. They are not toxic, but ingesting more may not be safe or harmful.

Sulfites

Whitening and preservative agent.

Found in dried fruits, processed potatoes, shrimp and wine.

Sulfite additives preserve the color of these products and prevent the growth of bacteria in the wine.

They also destroy vitamin B1 and can cause all sorts of undesirable effects, such as an asthma attack. Some people should avoid these supplements.

Phosphates, phosphoric acid

Acidifying agent, fragrance, chelating agent, color stabilizer, emulsifier, food additive.

Found in baked goods, cereals, cheeses, canned meats, powdered foods and carbonated drinks.

Phosphoric acid is an acidulant and flavoring agent used to make cola.

Calcium and iron phosphates act as mineral additives, and aluminum sodium phosphate is a baking powder. Calcium and ammonium phosphates are used as baking yeast.

Sodium acid pyrophosphate prevents discoloration of potatoes and sugar syrup.

With excessive use of phosphates, nutritional imbalances can occur, in particular, impaired absorption of calcium, which contributes to the development of osteoporosis.

With nutritional supplements, only small doses of phosphates enter the body.

Much more of them are found in meat and dairy products. Safely.