Visual signaling on a small boat. Visual signaling of vessels Light signaling of vessels

Chapter XIV. SIGNAL, RESCUE, RIGGING AND FIRE FIGHTING

Section 63. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING

On small boats, communication and signaling are necessary for communication with the shore and other vessels, for sending distress signals.

All types of communication or signaling devices on small boats are divided into three main types: visual, sound, radio engineering.

1. Visual alarm

The means of visual communication include flag and light signaling.

A. Flag signaling

A flag semaphore (Fig. 148, a) is the most common and accessible form of communication. Its essence is that each letter of the Russian alphabet corresponds to a certain position of the hands. In the semaphore alphabet, there are 29 alphabetic characters, 8 service and 4 change of place characters. In order to use a flag semaphore, an amateur navigator must know it well, and on a ship during navigation have two brightly colored flags nailed to the handles for ease of use. You must also have a spare pair of semaphore flags.

Signal flags (see appendix) are used for communication and signaling with posts, beacons and passing ships. If an amateur seafarer does not remember the meaning of each flag or combination of flags, then on the ship you need to have a table where these values ​​would be written out. The combinations of flags given in the appendix, the navigator in sea navigation must know by heart and have prepared combinations on board in order to quickly report a warning or distress signal at the right time or read a signal raised by another vessel.

Single-flag values

A- "I'm doing speed tests"

B- "I am loading (unloading) an explosive"

V- "I need medical attention"

G- "I need a pilot"

D- “Stay away from me. I AM I can hardly manage "

E- "I am steering my course to the right."

F- "I need help"

Z - Coast station alert

AND - "I'm going to do a semaphore message."

TO- "Stop Your Ship Immediately"

L- Stop. I have an important message "

M- "I have a doctor on board."

Rice. 148 a- flag semaphore alphabet;

N- "No", negative

O- "Man overboard"

P- At sea: "Your lights are out." In port: "The crew get ready for the ship"

R- "My ship is not moving."

Rice. 148 b- individual signs and techniques

WITH- "My machines are running at full speed backwards."

T- "Don't Cross My Course"

Have- "You are heading for danger."

F- “I am not in control. Keep in touch with me "

X - "I have a pilot on board"

C- "Yes", affirmative

SCH- "My ship is not contaminated"

B - "Stop your actions, watch me"

S- "I'm taking mail"

B. Light signaling

Light signaling is used at night, when no message can be transmitted by other means of communication. Each letter of the Russian alphabet is assigned a certain combination, consisting of a set of dots and dashes, transmitted by a searchlight, signal device or clot.

The point is transmitted by short pressing of the key, which closes the electrical circuit. The dash should be three times as long as the dot.

In the absence of electric lighting, the message can be transmitted with an electric pocket torch or oil lantern, covering the light with the palm of your hand or a cap.

4. Making fenders and mops

Rice. 158. Making a mop (sequential manufacturing techniques)

Fire detection alarm residential, office, cargo, industrial premises, lampposts, painting rooms, etc. are being equipped. There are several types of ship's automatic fire detection systems: electric, pneumatic smoke alarm, combined.

The structure of automatic systems includes the following elements: detectors (sensors), transmission lines of the pulse received by the detector, stations for receiving signals from detectors, power supplies (ship's electrical network, batteries, compressed air from cylinders in the MO). Typically, automatic alarm systems are powered by two sources.

Electric fire alarm according to the method of switching on the detectors, it can be beam and loop.

In the first case, one or more detectors are included in a separate pair of wires ("Ray"), extending from the signal receiving station. With this connection, the detectors of fire places are detected using a signal number lamp, which is equipped with each beam.

In the second case, fire detectors are connected in series with each other in one common wire ("Loop"). The place of fire, that is, the number of the detector is determined from switches or code detectors, which send a certain number of pulses corresponding to the code assigned to this detector. The receiver of signals at the station can be a Morse telegraph or a puncher.

Automatic detection systems fire detectors include main and emergency, power supplies, receiving device, fire detectors, sound and light, signals.

Non-automatic smoke alarms There are two types of fire detection: optical and smoke odor detection devices.

A signal about a fire in a protected area is sent to the receiving station using a special device or detector device. The detectors can be manual or automatic.

Manual call points are installed in corridors, production rooms, engine rooms and boiler rooms, refrigerating machines department, on open decks. The detectors are located in easily accessible places and so that they are clearly visible - the body is painted red. A hammer is attached next to the detector to break the glass and a short instructional inscription, for example: "Break the glass, press and release the button!".

Our industry produces the following types of manual call points:

• PKIL - fire-push-button detector of the beam system;
• PKI - external fire-push-button detector;
• PILV - internal fire-push-button detector of the beam system;
• KPI-5, KIP-6 - push-button fire detectors;
• PI-5, PI-6, PI-7 - fire detectors.

Automatic detectors (sensors) are installed in residential and office premises, in storerooms for storing explosive and flammable materials.

Depending on which of the parameters is selected as monitored, the following types of detectors are distinguished:

• temperature detectors that respond to temperature changes (heat detectors);
• optical detectors that are triggered by a smoke or light effect; sensitive elements - photocells or photoresistors;
• ionization detectors, the sensitive element of which is an ionization chamber.

Temperature detectors are subdivided into maximum, differential and maximum - differential.

Maximum temperature detectors react to the value of the air temperature in the room: when the temperature rises to a certain value - a given one - they switch (close) the electrical contacts and thereby generate a signal pulse.

Maximum detectors differ from each other in design and principle of operation. Common types of maximum detectors are:

bimetallic:

• a detector with a bimetallic plate;
• snap action bimetallic disc detector.

electrical:

• thermostatic cable;
• metal cable.

with consumable metal:

• a detector with a fusible metal insert.

liquid:

• a detector with an expanding liquid.

Differential temperature detectors react to a certain rate of temperature rise. If this exceeds the set value, the sensor generates a pulse that enters the alarm circuit. At lower speeds, momentum is not generated.

Differential detectors have the following advantages:

• a slow rise in temperature does not trigger the device;
• devices can be used in rooms with low temperatures (refrigerated rooms) and high temperatures (and boiler rooms);
• if they have not been destroyed by fire, they can be quickly recovered for later use.

Among the disadvantages of differential detectors, the following should be noted:

• they can give false signals if a rapid rise in temperature is not a result of a fire, for example: when a heating device is turned on, or when hot work is performed near the detector;
• A smoldering fire causing a slow rise in temperature, for example: in a tightly packed load, may not trigger this type of detector.

Differential detectors installed in rooms with a relatively constant or smoothly changing temperature. The rate of temperature rise in the range of 5 - 10 deg / min is considered dangerous.

The most widely used differential detectors are of the following types:

• pneumatic differential detectors;
• thermoelectric differential detectors.

Combined maximum differential detectors combine the principles of operation of both maximum and differential detectors, i.e. they are triggered both when the rate of temperature rise is too high and when a certain temperature limit is reached (although its rise would occur at a slow rate).

The main advantage of combined detectors is additional protection: the maximum device reacts to a slowly developing fire, which may not trigger the differential detector. In addition, one combined detector can replace two detectors: maximum and differential.

The only drawback of the combined detector is the need to replace the entire device in case of failure of the maximum device.

47. Requirements related to the lights must be observed from sunset to sunrise (at night). At the same time, other lights should not be exhibited that may be mistaken for those prescribed by these Rules, impair their visibility or serve as a hindrance to observation.

Rules related to signs must be observed from sunrise to sunset (afternoon).

A comment

In this clause, obstruction to observation means interference to identification. ships and their provisions.

48. During the day, when visibility conditions require, boatmasters should use the marking prescribed for night.

A comment

During the day, with limited visibility, you should turn on navigation lights... Such visibility conditions can occur due to fog, smoke from forest fires, intense precipitation.

49. The location of the lights must comply with the requirements of Appendix No. 2, and the visibility range should not be less than those specified in Appendix No. 3 to this Regulation.

A comment

The location of the lights provides for the visibility of one or more lights from any direction, it provides for the visibility of a specific combination of lights, or one light to determine the position of the vessel. In any position of the vessel from any angle (from any side) either a group of lights or one light must be visible.

By the color and location of the lights, you can determine the type of vessel: single, pushed convoy or towed, tanker or dredger, etc. The lights can be used to determine the position of the vessel and the direction of its movement.

The range of lights is shown in the table in Appendix 3. In this table, some lights are allowed to be much less visible for small craft than for large craft. The lights of small vessels are sometimes lost against the background of coastal lights or their reflections from the water surface and become difficult to distinguish or completely invisible, which can be dangerous when diverging from vessels.

The lights on pushed convoys can be different. On the pusher, the lights are very bright, and on the convoy, on the bow of the forward barge, the light may be weak, powered by a portable battery that does not provide full glow. If you find the top lights of the pusher in the form of a triangle, you must immediately look for the fire on the bow of the front barge of the convoy, which may be ahead of the pusher at a great distance (up to 200-250 meters).

When overtaking a towed convoy, especially in the dark, it should be borne in mind that there is a tow rope from the stem of the front barge to the yellow towing light of the towing vehicle, the length of which can be from 25 to 250 meters. This circumstance must be taken into account and not to cross the fairway under the stern of the tug, which carries two masthead lights on the mast, and behind, from the stern, the towing lights are yellow and below the white stern.

50. Ships that are under repair or laid up in water areas located outside the fairway, and do not create obstacles for other moving vessels, the prescribed lights and signs may not carry.

51. Signal lights:

• a masthead light - a white or red light located in the centreline plane of the vessel, emitting continuous light along an arc of the horizon of 225 ° and positioned so that this light is visible from the direction directly along the bow of the vessel up to 22.5 ° behind the beam of each side;
• onboard lights - a green light on starboard and a red light on port side, each of these lights emitting continuous light along an arc of the horizon of 112.5 ° and must be positioned so that this light is visible from a direction straight ahead of the ship until 22 , 5 ° behind the traverse of the corresponding side;
• a stern light - a white light located at the stern of the vessel, emitting continuous light along an arc of the horizon at 135 ° and positioned so that this light is visible from a direction directly aft to 67.5 ° on each side;
• all-round light - light emitting light continuously along the arc of the horizon in 360 °;
• towing light - a yellow light emitting continuous light along an arc of the horizon of 135 ° and located so that this light is visible from a direction directly aft to 67.5 ° on each side;
• colored or white light-pulse signal - a flashing light emitting light along the horizon arc at 112.5 ° from the ship's beam to the bow or stern with overlap of the vessel's diametral plane by 22.5 °. The light pulse signal is used for night and day alarms. In the absence of a light-impulse signal, it is allowed to use a light signal at night (blinking with white fire), and in the daytime - a signal-signal;

Note. The light pulse signal can have a glimpse of a white light or a light according to the color of the side light - red or green.

• scintillating light - light that flashes at regular intervals.

Ship signaling is an integral part of many systems: power plant, auxiliary mechanisms, general ship systems, navigation systems, etc. The main function of the alarm is to warn the operating personnel about the achievement of the limit values ​​of some parameters.
Varieties of ship signaling, layout and location, depending on the type of ship, are regulated by the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships of the Register of the Russian Federation.
The following alarm systems are distinguished:
— Emergency alarm... It is equipped on ships where an emergency call by voice or loudspeaker cannot be heard simultaneously in all places where people may be. Sound devices are installed in engine rooms, in public places with an area of ​​more than 150 square meters, in corridors of residential and public premises, on open decks in industrial premises. Sound devices are also supplied with light signaling, and the tone of the emergency signaling differs from the tone of sound devices of other alarms.
The system is powered by a battery located above the deck bulkheads and outside the engine rooms. The operation of the alarm is checked at least once every 7 days, and before each departure to the flight.
— Fire alarm... A fire alarm station with a mimic diagram is installed in the wheelhouse, with the help of which the location of the fire is quickly determined. The system is equipped with manual and automatic detectors.
Automatic detectors are installed in all residential and office premises, in storage rooms for explosive, flammable and combustible materials, at control posts, in rooms for dry goods. In machine and boiler rooms with automated control in the absence of a constant watch in them.
Manual call points are installed in the corridors of residential, office and public premises, in lobbies, in public premises with an area of ​​more than 150 square meters, in industrial premises, on open decks in the area of ​​cargo hatches.
The system should provide for two types of power supply: the main one - from the ship's network and the backup one - from the storage batteries. The fire safety system must be constantly in operation. Deactivation of the system for troubleshooting or performing maintenance is allowed with the permission of the captain and with prior notification of the officer in charge. Once a month, one emitter in each beam is checked.
— Warning signaling volumetric fire extinguishing. It is equipped in engine-boiler rooms, holds with dry cargo, in which there are or may be people. With the help of sound and light signals, personnel are warned about the start-up of the volumetric fire extinguishing system. Signals are given during manual and remote start of the system. The system is powered by the same battery as the fire alarm. The system must be constantly in operation.
- Emergency warning signaling (APS). It is equipped on all self-propelled ships and is designed to signal the state of the power plant, the operation of auxiliary mechanisms. It is compiled depending on the type of vessel, the level of automation, etc. On automated ships, generalized emergency warning signaling (OAPS) is used, which sends signals not only to the engine room and to the central control room, but also to external objects - the wheelhouse, the mechanics' cabin, etc. It is checked before each exit of the ship and periodically during the shift.

- Signaling of the presence of water in bilges and bilge waste wells. It is equipped on various ships and is mandatory on electrodes for signaling the water level under the propeller motors. It is constantly in operation, it is checked at least once per watch.
- Alarm for closing watertight doors. It is installed on those ships on which the division of the ship's premises into watertight compartments is provided and there are watertight doors. The alarm is checked together with a door check at least once a week and before each departure.
- Household alarm (cabin, medical). Installed on those ships where it is needed, more often passenger. Checked at least once a month.

Marine fire alarm. The principle of the alarm.

The purpose of the automatic fire alarm system is to notify about a fire that has begun, about the introduction of volumetric fire extinguishing means. Automatic fire alarms are now becoming even more important in connection with the reduction in the number of watches in engine rooms and with the organization of unattended maintenance of individual ship rooms.

Ships equipped with fire alarms for fire detection and warning have a central fire station (CPP). At the CPP, there are reception stations for signaling the crew, passengers and production personnel about a fire that has arisen.

The electrical fire alarm system and smoke alarm system are designed to detect a fire (fire) and report the place of its occurrence. Electrical fire alarm systems can be automatic or manual. Electric fire alarm systems, depending on the type of detectors used, can be thermal (responsive to an increase in ambient air temperature), smoke (responsive to the appearance of smoke), light (responsive to the appearance of an open flame), combined (responsive to heat, smoke and light) ... The main elements of an electrical fire alarm system are detectors, a receiving station, a power supply device and line structures.

The detectors are fire signal detectors. Receiving stations receive electrical signals from detectors and convert them into light and sound. Linear structures connect the detectors to the receiving station.

Residential and office premises, storerooms for storing ship stocks of explosives, flammable and combustible materials, control posts, rooms for dry cargo are equipped with automatic fire detection alarms.

Automatic fire detection alarms may not be installed: in premises for dry goods not equipped with “volumetric fire extinguishing systems; in the residential and service premises of passenger ships or the first method of constructive fire protection (except for storage of explosives); in rooms in which there is no hot environment at all, on passenger ships with a gross tonnage of at least 100 per. t., which do not have berths for passengers, with a flight duration of no more than 12 hours; on dry-cargo ships of 1000 gross tonnage per. t and on all non-self-propelled tankers.

Manual fire alarms are installed on passenger ships and ships of the same category and other ships with a gross tonnage of more than 1,000 per. t (excluding non-self-propelled vessels).

Fire alarm knob detectors are installed in corridors of residential, office and public premises, in engine rooms, on open cargo decks. Sensors should be located in easily accessible places and clearly visible. On passenger and similar ships, heat detectors have a higher intensity than smoke and light, and are used in relatively small spaces. Smoke detectors are used in rooms where a smoldering fire is possible, as well as in rooms of great height and where it is necessary to signal an alarm at an earlier stage of the fire than can be done with the help of heat detectors.

Light detectors are used in rooms with a large area and in particularly critical rooms.

For the protection of explosive ship premises, fire alarm sensors of the DPS-038, DPS-2 type with executive bodies of the PIO-17, PIO-028 types are used, through which the detectors are connected to the existing receiving stations of the electric fire alarm system of the beam system.

Automatic fire detectors are installed in the enclosed spaces of the vessel, manual ones - both inside and outside the premises. The detectors installed in such places where their mechanical damage is possible are equipped with protective devices.

Automatic heat detectors can be of maximum and differential action. Automatic heat detectors of maximum action are triggered when the ambient air temperature rises above a predetermined limit. Automatic fire detectors of differential action are triggered when the ambient air temperature rises sharply. Differential detectors are usually installed in rooms where there are usually no sudden increases in air temperature.

Heat detectors are installed in the zone of more likely fire, in places where warm air may accumulate heated by a fire source, as well as taking into account the convection air flows caused by supply and exhaust ventilation. Heat detectors are not installed near heat sources that could interfere with the operation of the detectors.

Automatic fire detectors that react to the appearance of smoke are used in cases where the occurrence of ignition is accompanied by abundant smoke emission (combustion of wood-fiber and rubber products and materials, electrical equipment).

Smoke detectors are installed in rooms with possible fluctuations in air temperatures from -30 to + 60 ° C at a relative humidity of 80% at 20 ° C. Smoke detectors are also installed in rooms where the air contains acid or alkali vapors. The number of smoke detectors installed in the protected room depends on the configuration of the room, the structure of the ceiling, the load of the room with materials and equipment, and a number of other conditions.

Smoke detectors of the ionization type are installed based on an average of one detector per 100 m2 of the area of ​​the room.

In cases where, for technical reasons, it is not possible to install smoke detectors in the protected premises, the air sampling method is used using a ventilation system or special devices for air extraction.

The speed of air movement in pipelines in the places where the detectors are installed should not exceed 0.5 m / s; the length of the pipeline from the air intake to the detector should be as short as possible and should not exceed 15 m.

Automatic fire detectors that react to the appearance of a flame are used in closed rooms with an air temperature from -10 to + 40 ° C at a relative humidity of up to 80%.

In the rooms where light detectors are installed, there must be no sources of ultraviolet rays, gamma rays and open flames (working welding machines, electric sparks). Light detectors must not be installed in rooms where the air contains acid and alkali vapors.

Light detectors are installed on the ceiling so that the detector “sees” the entire room, especially the most likely fire spots. The distance from the light detector to the most distant point "viewed" by it should not be more than 30 m. Light detectors are protected from direct sunlight and direct exposure to lighting lamps.

Manual fire detectors are subdivided into push-button, operating in beam alarm systems, and code, operating in ring systems.

In electrical fire alarm systems, push-button detectors can be used to duplicate the operation of automatic detectors. Manual call points are installed both indoors and outdoors at ambient temperatures from -50 to + 60 ° С and relative humidity of 98%. Indoors, manual call points are installed in passages and corridors. The installation sites of the detectors must have sufficient illumination. Manual call points are installed on bulkheads in such a way that the push button is 1.3 m higher than the floor level and access to it is free.

In a beam system, up to five push-button detectors serving one address are allowed in one pair of wires. In a ring system, up to 50 coded fire detectors will be connected to the line.

Fire detection alarm receiving stations show from which room or group of rooms the signal was received when the detector of the warning device was triggered. These stations are equipped with a mnemonic diagram showing the premises served by each beam. The action of the sound signal on the CPP does not depend on the light signal. The light signal does not stop until the causes that caused it are eliminated. On passenger ships, fire signals received at the central control room are duplicated in the quarters of the captain's watch or fire officer.

The automatic smoke alarm system consists of a camera with a photocell that detects smoke. In this chamber, the transparency of the air supplied from the protected premises through the pipeline network is continuously analyzed due to the vacuum created by the suction fan. Depending on the type of apparatus, it can perform fire protection of individual rooms located at a distance of 300 m from the detecting camera. The appearance of traces of smoke in any of the premises protected by the equipment instantly triggers a signal in the fire alarm system.

The use of a special circuit that detects smoke in the air by the method of an electric pulse of a photocell, obtained by comparing the transparency of the air, guarantees high sensitivity and reliability and at the same time automatically indicates the room in which a fire (smoke) has occurred, with sound and light alternately operating fans installed near the receiving station ... The fans create a vacuum that ensures the passage of smoke from the most distant receiver to the central control room in a time of no more than 1.5 minutes.

The air sucked out of the premises, when passing through the receiving device, is discharged into the atmosphere. However, a part of it, going through the smoke signal pipeline, goes directly to the central control room so that when smoke appears in the protected room, it can be detected here. All pipelines of the smoke alarm system have a device for periodically blowing them with compressed air (once a month).