Short. The purpose of ND filters is to reduce the amount of light entering the...
The respiratory system is of great physiological importance. With its help, oxygen enters the body, which is necessary for oxidation processes, and carbon dioxide is released, which is the end product of the body's metabolic processes. When food is oxidized, the energy needed by the body is released. Conventionally, there are three main processes in respiration:
a) The exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs (external respiration).
b) The exchange of gases in the lungs between air and blood.
c) Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid (internal respiration).
The system allocates Airways through which air is circulated to the lungs and respiratory system (lungs where gas exchange takes place.
nasal cavity. ( cavitas nasi ).
It is divided into two parts by an osteochondral septum. In the cavity there are sinuous nasal passages, in the mucous membrane of which there are many blood vessels. Functions:
1. Warming the inhaled air.
2. Mucosal glands bind and neutralize microorganisms and dust, humidify the air. Cilia drive dust back out of the cavity
3. Olfactory function.
nasal cavity opens in nasopharynx internal nostrils ( choans). Air passes from the throat into larynx.
Larynx. ( larynx ).
It is located at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae. Outside, it is noticeable by a characteristic protrusion (Adam's apple - Adam's apple - thyroid cartilage). Up pharynx, down below trachea. It is formed by several movably connected cartilages in the form of rings (9 cartilages). Entrance to larynx closes epiglottic cartilage. It prevents food from being swallowed. The shape of the cavity of the larynx resembles an hourglass.
In the middle section between the cartilages are stretched vocal cords (plicae vocales). They limit glottis. Exhaled air passes through the gap lungs. The shape of the gap changes depending on the degree of tension vocal cords and cartilage positions.
In a calm state (when we are silent), the gap has a triangular shape and is quite large. When talking, the ligaments are stretched, approaching each other. The exhaled air forcefully breaks through their closed edges, causing the ligaments to vibrate, resulting in sound. The shorter the strings, the higher their sound.
The oscillation frequency depends on the tension force and can be from 80 to 10,000 Hz (minimum 20.6 Hz).
The final formation of sound occurs in the cavities pharynx, nasopharynx, mouth and nose and depends on the position lips, mandible(tooth) and language, soft palate. There are significant age and gender differences. In women, the larynx is located higher and 1/3 less.
Trachea.( trachea ).
Starts from larynx, located from the 7th cervical to the upper edge of the 5th thoracic vertebra, where it bifurcates ( into the lungs). Goes before esophagus in front and from the sides it is limited by cartilaginous half rings (as a result, the lumen is always open), the half rings are connected by ligaments and muscles. The back wall is soft and adheres to esophagus. Half rings are also called - C-shaped cartilages. The trachea is lined from the inside by a ciliated epithelium with glandular cells. Length up to 12 cm.
Trachea branches into 2 main bronchus, formed by cartilaginous rings. Bronchi included in left and right lung.
Lung.( pulmo ).
The right and left lungs are located in the cavity chest. This cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a special muscle - diaphragm. The shape of the lungs is a flattened cone with a rounded top protruding above the 1st rib. They are divided anatomically into lobes, in the right - 3, in the left - 2 lobes (a place under a heart – heart tenderloin). Outside, the lung is covered with a connective tissue membrane – pleura. Pleura - two: external - parietal, it is fused to the chest wall, and pulmonary (visceral) pleura covering the lungs. Between them is the pleural cavity, it contains serous fluid (for lubrication) and negative pressure (9 - 30 mm Hg). Between the right and left pleural sacs is a complex of organs - mediastinum. They are located - thymus, heart, trachea and blood vessels.
main bronchi, entering the lungs, are divided into smaller bronchi(corresponding to the shares of the 2nd and 3rd bronchus). Each bronchus is repeatedly divided into even smaller tubes. – bronchioles. A peculiar structure is formed - bronchial tree, the cartilage gradually disappears, the diameter decreases (less than 1 mm ). Bronchioles end with numerous alveolar passages, and they are clusters of thin-walled pulmonary vesicles - alveoli. Their number is 600 - 700 million, total area = up to 150 m 2. The wall thickness is about 0.0001 mm. outer wall alveoli densely entwined with blood capillaries. A special substance is secreted inside the wall - surfactant(prevents sticking and neutralizes microbes).
Physiology of respiration.
In the walls alveoli gas exchange takes place between air and venous blood. Gas exchange occurs due to diffusion and the difference in the partial pressure of gases.
Air oxygen pressure = 105 mm Hg, and blood oxygen pressure = 40 mm Hg.
Carbon dioxide pressure in air = 40 mm Hg, in blood = 47 mm Hg.
As a result, in the walls of the alveoli, blood from the venous turns into arterial.
Breathing movements.
Air is drawn in and out by stretching or contracting lungs. Since they do not have their own muscles, therefore, they change their volume passively, following a change in volume. chest. This is due to the rhythmic contraction of the respiratory muscles - intercostal and diaphragm.
1. inhale. are shrinking intercostal muscles – ribs rise up, the sternum moves away from the spine. shrinking diaphragm- the dome becomes flat, falls down. The chest increases its volume - lungs stretching out after her.
2. Exhalation. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax and return to their original position. As a result, the volume of the chest decreases, and air is pushed out of the lungs. Deep inhalation and exhalation also involve the muscles of the chest and abdominal wall.
Lung volume.
Vital capacity of the lungs- this is the volume of air that a person can exhale after a deep breath = 3500 ml. It is made up of the following quantities:
a) Tidal volume. The amount of air during quiet breathing = 500 ml.
b) Additional volume. After a calm breath, a person can additionally inhale another 1500 ml.
in ) Reserve volume. After a normal exhalation, exhale another 1500 ml.
The sum of three quantities and is vital capacity lungs.
G) Residual volume. After the first breath at birth and until death, under any conditions, the lungs are not completely freed from air. This volume = 1000 - 1500 ml.
e) Dead (harmful) space. The air in the airways does not participate in gas exchange. Volume = 500 ml - 360 ml = 140 ml.
Inhaled air. Exhaled air
Oxygen = 20% Oxygen = 16%
Carbon dioxide = 0.03% Dioxide = 4%
Nitrogen = 79% Nitrogen = 79% + water vapor and about 200 poisons.
Breathing regulation.
1. nervous. There are two groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata ( respiratory center), their activity causes a rhythmic change of inhalation and exhalation. The center is in two parts. - inspiratory center and exhalation center. When the inhalation center is excited, it transmits the excitation along the nerves to the contraction of the respiratory muscles - inhalation occurs. At the same time, it inhibits the center of exhalation. Then in the centers there is a change of nervous processes to the opposite ones. Although the work of the respiratory center is automatic, it is controlled by the CBP, therefore, a person can arbitrarily slow down or speed up breathing. Here is located and works synchronously with the respiratory center - the speech control center. In addition, the center also carries out some reflexes - "capturing the spirit" and protective ones - sneezing and coughing.
2. Humoral regulation.
The neurons of the respiratory center are sensitive to the concentration of carbon dioxide. If there is an excess of dioxide in the blood washing the respiratory center, then the excitability of neurons increases and breathing becomes frequent and deep. Reverse action with a lack of carbon dioxide.
Resting respiratory rate = 14 - 20 per minute ( minute volume breathing - MOD).
Age features of the respiratory system.
In the prenatal period, the fetus's own respiratory organs do not work, oxygen goes through placenta. With the first breath lungs straighten out and begin to work rhythmically with a frequency of 40 - 60 times per minute.
In the process of ontogenesis, the mass and volume increase significantly. lungs. The mucous membranes in children are softer, drier and richer in blood vessels, the lungs are less elastic (hence the danger of pathologies). The frequency and depth of breathing changes, VC reaches the functional level of adults by the age of 16-17, the percentage of oxygen used in children is less. Voluntary regulation of breathing improves in parallel with the development of speech and approaches the level of an adult only by the age of 11-12.
Lesson topic: Breath. The human body's need for oxygen. The structure of the respiratory system.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:study the structural features of the respiratory system; find the relationship between the structure of organs and the functions they perform; reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism; find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
Developing: continue the formation of the basics of hygiene (respiratory hygiene rules);
Develop skills to compare, analyze and draw conclusions;
Educational:
To cultivate a caring attitude towards one’s body, towards one’s health, towards the health of others;
Draw an analogy: breathing is life;
Equipment: tables: "Respiratory organs", "Larynx and organs of the oral cavity during breathing and swallowing", presentation "Human respiratory system".
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating the knowledge necessary to study new material.
Passes through the nose to the chest
And keeps the way back
He is not visible, and yet
We cannot live without it.
(air, oxygen)
Front poll:
1) Why does the body need oxygen?(Oxygen is involved in the chemical processes of splitting complex organic substances, as a result of which the energy necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism, its growth, movement, nutrition, reproduction, etc. 6 cells) is released.
2) What is called breathing?(Respiration is the intake of oxygen into the body and the release of carbon dioxide. 6 cells.)
3) Where is energy produced and stored in the cell?(Mitochondria are organelles whose main function is the oxidation of organic compounds, accompanied by the release of energy. This energy is used to synthesize molecules of adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP), which serves as a kind of universal cellular battery.)
4) How are metabolism and respiration related?(Respiration is a part of metabolism in which gas exchange occurs between the body and the external environment: oxygen enters the body from the external environment, and carbon dioxide is removed from the body. 8 cells.)
5) What is the purpose of the respiratory organs?(The respiratory organs saturate the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. 6 cells)
6) What respiratory organs in animals do you know?(gills, trachea, lungs)
7) Does the structure of the respiratory system depend on the habitat of animals?
8) Is it possible to assume that the respiratory system of humans and mammals has a similar structure? Justify the answer.
9) What part does the circulatory system take in breathing?(Blood performs a transport function.)
3. Learning new material.
1) The teacher formulates the topic of the lesson:The structure and functions of the respiratory system
The teacher formulates the purpose of the lesson:
- study the structural features of the respiratory system;
- reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism;
- elucidate the mechanisms of voice formation.
We often say: "We need this, like air!". What does this proverb mean?
Even the ancient Greek scientist Anaximenes, observing the breathing of animals and humans, considered air to be the condition and root cause of life. The great Greek physician Hippocrates called the air "the pasture of life." Although the concept of air as the only isolated cause of everything that exists is naive, they reflect an understanding of the great importance of air for the body.
Let's make a practical observation: take a calm breath and hold your breath. What are you observing? How long do you experience shortness of breath?
How many days can a person live without food? Without water? And without air? (up to 30 days, up to 8 days, up to 5 minutes)
Why without air, even trained people can do no more than 6 minutes?
Air contains oxygen. Longer oxygen starvation can lead to death. After all, in our body there are no reserves of oxygen, so it must evenly enter the body.
Breath - this is gas exchange between the body and the external environment: oxygen enters the body from the outside, and carbon dioxide is released from the body into the external environment.
The breathing process is
from 4 stages:
- exchange of gases between the air and the lungs;
- exchange of gases between lungs and blood;
- transport of gases by blood;
- gas exchange in tissues.
The respiratory system performs only the first part of gas exchange. The rest is performed by the circulatory system. There is a deep relationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems.
The respiratory organs of a person can be divided into two groups according to their functional characteristics: air-bearing, or respiratory, and gas exchange organs.
Airways: nasal cavity → nasopharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi.
Organs of gas exchange: lungs.
2) The structure of the organs of the respiratory tract.Completion of task 140 on page 92 of the workbook.
Human respiratory organs
Slides captions:
Prepared by the teacher of chemistry and biology Raskatkina Vera Yurievna
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structural features of the respiratory system; reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism; elucidate the mechanisms of voice formation.
Riddle Passes through the nose to the chest And holds the way back, It is not visible, and yet we cannot live without it.
The evolution of the respiratory system
Respiration is the exchange of gases between cells and the environment. The process of breathing consists of 4 stages: the exchange of gases between the air and the lungs; exchange of gases between lungs and blood; transport of gases by blood; gas exchange in tissues. The respiratory system performs only the first part of gas exchange. The rest is performed by the circulatory system. There is a deep relationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems.
The respiratory organs of a person can be divided into two groups according to their functional characteristics: air-bearing, or respiratory, and gas exchange organs. Respiratory tract: nasal cavity → nasopharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi. Organs of gas exchange: lungs.
nasal cavity
Functions of the nasal cavity and Air purification Humidification of the air Disinfection of the air Warming of the air Perception of odors (organ of smell).
The trachea and bronchi are the organs of the lower respiratory tract. Trachea Structure: a wide tube consisting of cartilaginous half-rings on the soft side facing the esophagus. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium. Functions: free passage of air into the lungs, removal of pollen particles from the lungs into the throat. Bronchi Structure: branching tubes of smaller diameter. They consist of cartilaginous rings that protect them from falling off during inhalation. Functions: The flow of air to the alveoli of the lungs.
The lungs occupy all the free space in the chest cavity. The expanded part of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm. The total surface of the lungs is 100 m 2 . Each lung is covered with a membrane - the pulmonary pleura. The chest cavity is also lined with a membrane - the parietal pleura. Between the parietal and lung pleura, a narrow gap is the pleural cavity, which is filled with the thinnest layer of fluid, which facilitates the sliding of the lung wall during inhalation and exhalation.
The human lungs are made up of tiny pulmonary sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are densely braided with a network of blood vessels - capillaries. The alveoli are formed by the epithelium, which secretes a special fluid that lines the alveoli with the thinnest film. Its functions: reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from closing; kills microbes that enter the lungs. In the alveoli, gas exchange takes place between the blood and the surrounding air by diffusion.
And what do YOU choose?
Questions to reinforce: Why is it necessary to breathe through the nose and not through the mouth? Why does a piece of lung immersed in water not sink? How is sound produced and formed?
Volkova Tatyana Viktorovna,
biology teacher,
specialist of the highest category of the highest level, State institution "Secondary school No. 19 of the education department of the akimat of the city of Kostanay"
Grade: 8
Lesson Plan Date
Lesson biology
Theme of the lesson: "The meaning of breathing. The structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system" - (flipchart page 3- document Microsoft office Word ).
The purpose of the lesson (flipchart, page 2) :
to study the structural features of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: form picture of the importance of breathing as a vital process for life; to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of the respiratory (air-carrying) tract, to find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
Developing: improve the skills of working with scientific text, tables, drawings, videos, the ability to think logicallyand formalize the results of mental operations in oral and written form,to form the ability to conduct a scientific dialogue;
Educational:
to educate students in a culture of speech, careful attitude to their body, to their health, to the health of others.
Lesson type: a lesson in the study and primary consolidation of new knowledge with elements of problem-based learning.
Form of study: individual, frontal, in pairs and in groups.
Lesson methods: reproductive, partially exploratory (associated with setting up and explaining experiments), problematic method (when solving problematic tasks), independent work with a textbook and analysis of new information.
Equipment: model of the larynx, human torso with internal organs, flipchart, video materials "The meaning of breathing", "The structure of the nasal cavity", "Electronic manual on biology. Grade 8 "(Volkova T.V., ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2) , interactive whiteboard, computer.
While I breathe I hope.
(Roman poet Ovid).
During the classes
Lesson stage
Content of educational material
MO
FOPD
Preparation for EAEA, UNT
Tasks for the development of functional literacy
Individual correctional work
I . Org.
moment
II .Knowledge update:
III . Motivation
I IV . Study n/m:
V . Fasten
nie
VI . findings
VII . let me know
the results of the lesson.
VIII . D/W:
VIII .
Reflection:
The lesson is interactive
The student is not passive
He's in the thick of things
Makes many discoveries
What does he learn in class
It leads to development.
Solving a biological problem (flipchart, page 3) :
(Students are divided into 3 groups, each group receives a biological task).
BUT) A person can live without food for several weeks, without water - for several days, without oxygen - no more than 10-20 minutes. Explain why?
B).The Roman poet Ovid wrote
: "While I breathe I hope". What did he want to say? Justify your answer.
AT). How much air (cubic meters) does a class of 25 people expend on breathing during 45 minutes of a lesson, if one ninth grader on average takes 16 breaths per 1 minute of 500 cm3 of air?
(flipchart, page 4).
Back in antiquity breath considered the cause of life.
Explain the saying "We need it like air" which proves it.
(People have noticed that without air a person dies after a few minutes (at most after 10, and a trained organism after 20 minutes).
Teacher: people did not know for a long time that it takes 2m for one person to breathe in a hermetically sealed room 3 air for 1 hour. So in 1846, a battalion of soldiers died on the ship "Mary Soames", who took refuge during a storm in the hold, although the ship remained absolutely unharmed.
(flipchart, page 5).
After watching the video clip “The Importance of Breathing for Humans”, answer the problematic questions:
But why do we breathe?
What is the importance of breathing for any living organism, including humans?
(The teacher, together with the class, discusses these problematic issues and proceeds to communicate the objectives of the lesson, leads to the necessary conclusions.)
– Open your notebooks and write down the topic of today's lesson.
Topic: “The meaning of breathing. The structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system.
Lesson Objectives: (flipchart, page 6).
1. Do you know…(flipchart, page 7).
that an adult makes 15-17 breaths per minute (about 2 thousand times a day), and a newborn child takes 1 breath per second. Breathing does not stop working from the birth of a person until his death, because our body cannot exist without breathing. It has been proven that an adult exhales 4 glasses of water per day (about 800 ml), and a child - about two (about 400 ml). In an adult, about 7 thousand liters of air passes through the lungs.
2. Working with terms(flipchart, page 8).
Basic terms and concepts in the lesson.
Respiration, airways, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, epiglottis, vocal cords, glottis, Adam's apple, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs.
3. Importance of breathing(flipchart, page 9).
using the material on p. 163 paragraph 37 of the textbook edited by R. Alimkulov, fill in the cluster "The meaning of breathing":
Formation and removal of CO 2
Providing the body
oxygen
The meaning of breath
Removal of some end products of metabolism: water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases
Oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds with the release of energy necessary for a person to live
Class conversation:
Organic matter + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
From the oxidation equation, we see that for the life of a living organism, including humans, it is necessary energy. Where does it come from?
That's right, we breathe for energy, i.e. Oxygen is the basis of the life of a living organism.
So what is breathing? (notebook entry).
Breath - This is a set of processes that ensure the supply of oxygen, its use in the oxidation of organic substances and the removal of carbon dioxide and some other substances. …
4). The structure and functions of the respiratory system(flipchart, page 10).
The respiratory organs are the air gates to the body.
BUT).Biological task:
Imagine a molecule of atmospheric oxygen entering the lungs during inhalation. Mentally trace the path this molecule will take with the air from the nostrils to the lungs and fill in the "Respiratory system" diagram. Check your answer.
The human respiratory system a set of organs that provide external respiration (gas exchange between the inhaled atmospheric air and blood).
B). Respiratory (air) ways divided into upper (nasal cavity, nasopharynx and larynx) and lower (trachea and bronchi) (flipchart, page 11).
AT). Exercise:
In the course of studying the structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system, we will try to fill in the table. Redraw it, please.
(It is better to print and distribute the table in advance so as not to waste the lesson time on this).
Table "Structure and functions of the organs of the respiratory system":
Organ name
Structure
Functions
G). Upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity and nasopharynx
a). The airway begins in the nasal cavity(flipchart, page 12).
“Without a nose, a man knows what
– a bird is not a bird, a citizen is not a citizen,
Just take it and throw it out the window!”
N.V. Gogol.
But seriously, why did a person have a nose? After all, his ancestors - great apes, did not have it! To find out about this, I suggest you answer questions after watchingvideo about the nasal cavity:
What structural features of the nose help it cope with this function?
(The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by a special partition - the palate. During normal breathing, air passes through the nasal openings intonasal cavity , which is divided by an osteo-cartilaginous septum (it is she who gives the shape to the nose) into two halves. In each half there are sinuous nasal passages that increase the surface of the nasal cavity. They are lined from the inside with a mucous membrane containing cells of the ciliated (ciliated) epithelium, blood vessels and glands that secrete mucus. In an adult, the mucous membrane secretes 0.5 liters of mucus per day. If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then in 70 years 5 kg of dust would accumulate in the lungs.
The nasal cavities are equipped with sensitive cells that provide a protective function: the sneeze reflex).
What are the functions of the nose?
(retains dust particles and microorganisms settling on the walls of the cavity;warms and humidifies the incoming air; olfactory; participation in speech and facial expressions).
It is interesting…
The ciliated epithelium brings out up to 20-30 grams of dust per day.
If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then 5 kg would accumulate in the lungs in 70 years.
In an adult, the nasal mucosa secretes 0.5 liters of mucus.
b). Nasal hygiene (flipchart, page 13).
Video fragment "Sneezing and coughing".
in). Observations: “Check the passage of air through the nasal passages”
(flipchart, page 14).
Experience: close one nasal passage, and bring a light piece of cotton wool to the other. A jet of air will throw it away when you exhale, and press it against the nasal opening when you inhale.(This technique can be shown on the subject).
From the nasal cavity, air enters the nasopharynx (upper pharynx) through the internal nostrils - choanami, and then down the throat with which the oral cavity communicates. Therefore, we can breathe through the mouth.
G). Biological task: What happens if we breathe through our mouths in freezing weather? Explain why.
The pharynx crosses the digestive and respiratory tracts. Food from the pharynx enters the esophagus, and air through the larynx enters the windpipe (trachea), which begins with the larynx.
D)) Upper respiratory tract: larynx(flipchart, page 15).
a). The structure of the larynx.
Independent work with a textbook on assignment:
using the material on p. 164 paragraph 37 of the textbook edited by R. Alimkulov, fill in the cluster "The meaning of breathing":
What is the inner surface of the larynx lined with? (mucous membrane).
What is the largest cartilage of the larynx? (thyroid).
What cartilage closes the entrance to the larynx during swallowing? (epiglottis).
Teacher: the larynx looks like a funnel. It is lined from the inside with a mucous membrane and is equipped with receptors - a reflex cough. The walls are formed by several cartilages. The cartilages are connected to each other in a semi-movable way. The largest cartilage is the thyroid cartilage, which protects the larynx from the front. In men, it protrudes somewhat forward, forming Adam's apple. The entrance to the larynx when swallowing is closed by cartilage - epiglottis.
b). Observations (flipchart, page 16).
(The thyroid cartilage rises during swallowing, and then returns to its old place. With this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus along it, like a bridge.)
1. Find the larynx. Make several swallowing movements. What happens to the throat?2. Find out what happens to the breath during swallowing. Make another swallowing movement and make sure this fact is true.
(Breathing stops. The tongue closes the entrance to the nasal cavity, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. As a result, air cannot enter the lungs at the time of swallowing).
in). sound formation(flipchart, page 17).
Between the cartilages of the larynx there are mucous folds - vocal cords . The lower pair is involved in voice formation. In front, the ligaments are attached to the thyroid cartilage, and behind - to the right and left arytenoid cartilages. When the arytenoid cartilages move, the ligaments can come together and stretch. The space between the vocal cords is called glottis.
During exhalation, air passes through the glottis and causes the vocal cords to vibrate, resulting in sound.
The vibration frequency of the bundles is from 80 to 10000 Hz.
The voices of girls and boys practically do not differ, only in boys in adolescence they begin to change - to break (due to uneven growth of cartilage and ligaments). The more the vocal cords vibrate, the louder the voice.
problem question : Do speech sounds occur during inhalation or exhalation? (when exhaling).
For the emergence of articulate speech, certain positions of the tongue, teeth, and lips are necessary. The mouth and nasal cavity amplify the sound, enrich it with various shades. The process of speech formation is called articulation and is formed in young children up to 5 years old.
Recording of Tarzan's scream
Shouting damages the vocal cords, which can cause inflammation, hoarseness, or loss of voice. (recording of Tarzan's cry, played by Johnny Weissmuller - world record holder and Olympic champion in swimming. Four people screamed with him).
When whispering, the ligaments relax and do not close completely.
Frequent inflammation of the respiratory tract, smoking and alcohol have a negative effect on the voice-forming apparatus.
E). Lower respiratory tract: trachea and bronchi.
a). The structure of the trachea and bronchi(flipchart, page 19).
Air enters the trachea from the larynx. The trachea is a wide tube, which consists of 16-20 cartilaginous semirings connected by ligaments. The trachea is located in front of the esophagus. During the passage of food, the esophagus expands, and the soft wall of the trachea does not interfere with this. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium, which removes dust particles from the lungs.
At the level of 4-5 thoracic vertebrae, the trachea divides for 2 bronchi ( from the Greek " bronchos"- windpipe) - right and left. Their inner surface is lined with a mucous membrane, which contains ciliated epithelium with glandular cells. Here, the saturation of the air with water vapor and its purification continues. They enter the right and left lungs. In the lungs, each of the bronchi branches like a tree, forming bronchioles are the thinnest filaments . Bronchioles are running out alveoli - pulmonary sacs , in which gas exchange.
b). Respiratory hygiene(flipchart, page 20).
Swallowing large pieces of food, you can choke and block the trachea.
In inflammatory processes, a cough occurs, which helps to remove mucus from the respiratory tract.
flipchart, page 21).
Fill in the blanks with the correct words (flipchart, page 24).
It looks like a funnel, the walls of which are formed by cartilage. There are mucous folds between the cartilages of the larynx - ... ... . The space between them is ... ... . As a result of fluctuation... ... when air is exhaled, there is... . ...voices vary by length... ... . Women have them ... than men. That's why the female voice is always....
check yourself (flipchart, pages 22,23).
(flipchart, page 24).
1. The vital activity of an organism is possible only when oxygen enters its cells and carbon dioxide is removed.
2. In the nasal cavity, the air is cleaned, heated and humidified.
4. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
(Assessing students for a lesson, for a test).
flipchart, page 25).
and the functions of the respiratory organs (table).
Creative task:
When is breathing difficult? What are the consequences of this violation?
Develop a code of practice for respiratory hygiene.
flipchart, pages 26.
Who got a 5 today?
Who got "4"?
Who is not happy with their grade? What do you need to do to improve your score?
Give an emotional assessment of the lesson.
It is always useful to assess yourself, identify difficulties and find ways to overcome them. Formulate a conclusion about the degree of achievement of the goal of the lesson
Carry out with self-analysis of activities in the lesson and self-assessment at
Literature and Internet resources.
PP
state of emergency
PP
BUT
IP
state of emergency
state of emergency
PP
BUT
IP
IP
IP
PP
BUT
BUT
IP
PP
IP
BUT
PP
PP
BUT
IP
Kollek
Group work
Work in pairs
Work in pairs
Collective
Group work
Group work
Frontal
Work in pairs
Individual
Group work
Collective
Individual
Work in pairs
Individual
Individual
Collective
Individual
Collective
Collective
Work in pairs
Work in pairs
Individual
Collective
Individual
Individual
Individual
App from "Electronic manual on biology. 8th grade" (ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2),
Table "Structure and functions of the respiratory system."
| Organs | Structural features | Functions |
| nasal cavity | Air enters through the nostrils, the nasal cavity is divided into two halves by a septum, and behind the choanae it communicates with the nasopharynx. The walls of the nasal cavity are formed by bones and cartilage, lined with a mucous membrane. Winding nasal passages, the mucous membrane is supplied with blood vessels and covered with ciliated epithelium, there are olfactory receptors. | Sense of smell, warming inhaled air, dust retention and removal |
| Larynx | The larynx is located in the neck at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae, on the sides of it are the lobes of the thyroid gland, and behind it is the pharynx. The larynx is formed by cartilage. The epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. From the inside, the larynx is covered with a mucous membrane with ciliated epithelium. On the lateral side of the larynx on the right and left there is a recess - the ventricle of the larynx. Cartilages: thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, cricoid, etc.; vocal cords, ligaments are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and limit the glottis .; lined with mucous membrane. | Formation of sounds and speech |
| Trachea and bronchi | Trachea - a tube about 12 cm long, consisting of cartilaginous semirings. The posterior wall of the trachea is soft (consists of a connective tissue membrane), adjacent to the esophagus. From the inside, it is also lined with a mucous membrane containing glands that secrete mucus. From the neck, the trachea enters the chest cavity and divides into two bronchi (tracheal bifurcation). The bronchi enter the lungs and divide into smaller bronchi there. | Air passage |
| Lungs | They are shaped cones : the upper - narrowed part - the top, and the lower - wider - the base. On the side of each lung facing the heart, there are recesses (gates of the lung) through which the bronchus, lung nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels pass. The bronchus branches in each lung. The bronchi, like the trachea, contain cartilage in their walls. The smallest branches of the bronchi are called bronchioles, they do not have cartilage and glands, but are supplied with muscle fibers and are able to narrow (bronchiolar spasms). The right lung has three lobes and the left has two lobes. Each section of the lung consists of segments: in the right lung there are 11 segments, in the left - 10. Each segment, in turn, consists of many lung lobules. Bronchioles pass into extensions - alveolar passages, on the walls of which there are protrusions called pulmonary vesicles, or alveoli (their diameter is 0.2-0.3 mm). The walls of the alveoli consist of a single layer of epithelium and capillaries adjoin them. | Gas exchange |
| Pleura | 2 sheets of connective tissue sheath: pulmonary pleura parietal pleura Between them - the pleural cavity + pleural fluid | Reduces friction when breathing |
List of sources used
1. Alimkulova R. Biology. Almaty: "Atamura", 2008 - 288 p.
2. Bogdanova T.L., Solodova E.A. Biology. Directory. M.: "AST - PRESS". 2001 - 815 p.
3. Zverev I.D. Reading book on human anatomy, physiology and hygiene. M .: "Enlightenment", 1978. -239 p.
4. Lipchenko V.Ya., Samusev R.P. Atlas of normal human anatomy.M .: "Medicine", 1988. -320s.
5. Rezanova E.A., Antonova I.P., Rezanov A.A. Human biology in tables and diagrams. M .: "Izdat - School", 1998. - 204s.
Internet resources:
1. “Electronic manual on biology. Grade 8 "(Volkova T.V.,ISBN 978-601-7438-01-2),
2. www. yandex. en-search -images
3. www. imfan. kz < http:// www. imfan. kz> - personal site of the teacher of biology Ratushnyak N.A.
4. www. kiwi. kz < http:// www. kiwi. kz> - video files
5.< http:// mirbiologii. en/8- class>
6.< http:// www. uchportal. en>
8.myshared.ru›slide/778318/
9.nsportal.ru›…razrabotka…uroka…znachenie-stroenie-i
10.www.uchportal.ru/
In this lesson, students will discover the meaning of breathing, learn how the respiratory system works and works. In addition, students will get acquainted with the mechanism of voice formation and learn why the voices of different people differ from each other, get acquainted with diseases of the upper respiratory tract and their prevention.
(Note: A computer presentation is included with the lesson.)
The meaning of breathing. organs of the respiratory system. Respiratory tract, vocalization. Respiratory diseases.
Epigraph of the lesson: “While I breathe, I hope”
(Dum spiro, spero)
Ovid is a Roman poet.
Lesson objectives: to give the concept of the meaning of breathing as a process necessary for life; establish the relationship between the structure and functions of the airways, consider voice formation and articulation of speech sounds; acquaint with diseases of the upper respiratory tract; to develop in students the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in life, to solve problematic and intellectual problems.
Demonstration equipment: model of the larynx, human torso with internal organs, wall charts, video material "Respiratory system".
Type of lesson: lesson-introduction, acquaintance with new material.
Learning new material
Even in ancient times, breath was considered the root cause of life. The saying “We need it like air” proves it. People noticed that without air a person dies in a few minutes (at most after 6 minutes). People did not know for a long time that 2 m 3 of air for 1 hour is required for one person to breathe in a hermetically sealed room. So in 1846, a battalion of soldiers died on the ship "Mary Soames", who took refuge during a storm in the hold, although the ship remained absolutely unharmed.
Question: But why do we breathe? What is the meaning for us, as, indeed, for any living organism, is breathing?
(The teacher, together with the class, discusses this issue and proceeds to communicate the objectives of the lesson, leads to the necessary conclusions.)
I. Meaning of breath:
1. Providing the body with oxygen and using it in redox reactions.
2. Formation and removal from the body of carbon dioxide and some end products of metabolism: water vapor, ammonia, etc.
3. Oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds with the release of energy necessary for the physiological functions of the body.
Oxidation Formula
Organic matter + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy.
Attention! Energy is necessary for the life of the body: you listen, watch, write. I talk, I move - energy is expended on everything.
Conclusion: We breathe for energy. Thus, oxygen is the basis of the life of the body.
Question: How does oxygen enter cells?
Answer: Through the blood.
Q: How does oxygen get into the blood?
Answer: Through the lungs.
(Students are invited to define the process of breathing.)
Detailed definition:
Respiration is the process of O 2 entering the cells of the body, participation of O 2 in oxidation reactions, and removal of decay products.
The shortest definition:
Respiration is the exchange of gases between cells and the environment.
(Students write the definition of breathing in their workbook.)
The exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air occurs in the respiratory organs - this is pulmonary respiration. The exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells is called tissue respiration.
The respiratory organs are the air gates to the body. Let's get acquainted with the structure of the respiratory organs, let's see which way air travels before it passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide is released back.
II. The structure of the respiratory system
The airway begins with nasal cavity.
Question: Wouldn't it be easier if the air went through the mouth? More economical and better? Why do children say: breathe through your nose?
Experiment with two rabbits. They took two rabbits. One of them had tubes inserted into the nasal cavity so that the air would pass without coming into contact with the walls of the nasal cavity. A few days later the rabbit died, but the other, breathing normally, remained alive. Explain why?
Conclusion: In the nasal cavity, the air is disinfected.
Question: What happens if we breathe through our mouths in freezing weather? Explain why.
Conclusion: in the nasal cavity, the air is disinfected, heated (with the help of blood vessels) + cleaned of dust and moistened.
(Students write the conclusion in their notebooks.)
1. The structure of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by a special partition - the palate. The nasal cavity is divided by an osteocartilaginous septum (it is this that gives the shape of the nose) into the right and left halves. In each of them there are winding passages that significantly increase the inner surface of the nasal cavity.<Рисунок 1>
The entire nasal cavity is lined with mucous epithelium. The epithelium has special outgrowths - cilia and cells that produce mucus. And also, in the mucous membrane there is a very large number of blood vessels.
Question: Why do you think there are so many blood vessels in the nasal cavity?
Answer: For warmth.
Question: And what are the cilia in the mucous membrane for?
Answer: Dust removal.
Note. If the cilia did not remove dust from the respiratory tract, then in 70 years 5 kg of dust would accumulate in the lungs.
Question: What is slime for?
Answer: For moisturizing and disinfection, as there are lymphocytes and phagocytes in the mucus.
Air enters from the nasal cavity nasopharynx(upper pharynx) and then to throat, with which the oral cavity communicates. Therefore, we can breathe through the mouth. By the way, the pharynx as a crossroads leads both to the food canal and to the windpipe (trachea), which begins with the larynx.<Рисунок 2>
2. The structure of the larynx. The larynx has the appearance of a funnel, the walls of which are formed by several cartilages. The largest of them is the thyroid. In men, it protrudes somewhat forward, forming an Adam's apple. The entrance to the larynx during swallowing food is closed by cartilage - the epiglottis.
Exercise. Find the larynx. Make several swallowing movements. What happens to the throat?
(The thyroid cartilage rises during swallowing, and then returns to its old place. With this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus along it, like a bridge.)
Exercise. Find out what happens to the breath during swallowing.
(It stops.)
In the narrow part of the larynx there are 2 pairs vocal cords. The lower pair is involved in voice formation. In front, the ligaments are attached to the thyroid cartilage, and behind - to the right and left arytenoid cartilages. When the arytenoid cartilages move, the ligaments can come together and stretch.
With calm breathing, the ligaments are divorced. When reinforced, they are bred even wider so as not to interfere with the movement of air. When talking, the ligaments close, leaving only a narrow gap. When air passes through the gap, the edges of the ligaments vibrate and make a sound. Yelling harms the vocal cords. They tense up, rub against each other.
Exercise. Figure 65 of your textbook shows the vocal cords of three people. Determine by the vocal cords which of them breathes deeply after running, who stands calmly, who sings.
(Students give answers.)
In men, the length of the vocal cords is 20-24 mm, in women - 18-20 mm. The longer and thicker the vocal cords, the lower the voice. The voices of girls and boys practically do not differ, only in boys in adolescence they begin to change - to break (due to uneven growth of cartilage and ligaments). The more the vocal cords vibrate, the louder the voice.
(Note. Think of the Tarzan cry played by Johnny Weissmuller, world record holder and Olympic champion swimmer. Four people were screaming with him.)
Question: Do speech sounds occur when you inhale or when you exhale?
Answer: When exhaling.
But it turns out that vibrations of the vocal cords are not enough. For the emergence of articulate speech, certain positions of the tongue, teeth, and lips are necessary. The mouth and nasal cavity amplify the sound, enrich it with various shades. ( Note. Say the phrase: "The destroyer raced." Why was the offer skewed?
There are special speech centers in the brain. They coordinate the work of the muscles of the speech apparatus and are associated with the processes of consciousness and thinking. The process of speech formation is called articulation and is formed in young children up to 5 years old.
Conclusion. The meaning of the larynx: swallowing, the formation of speech sounds.
Air enters the trachea from the larynx.
3. The structure of the trachea. The trachea is a wide tube, which consists of 16-20 cartilaginous half-rings and therefore is always open to air. The trachea is located in front of the esophagus. Its soft side faces the esophagus. During the passage of food, the esophagus expands, and the soft wall of the trachea does not interfere with this. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium, which removes dust particles from the lungs. In the lower part, the trachea is divided into 2 bronchi: the bronchi have cartilaginous rings. They enter the right and left lungs. In the lungs, each of the bronchi branches like a tree, forming bronchioles. Bronchioles end in alveoli - pulmonary vesicles in which gas exchange occurs. The pulmonary vesicles form a spongy mass that forms lung. Each lung is covered by a membrane called the pleura.
nasal cavity - nasopharynx - larynx upper respiratory tract.
The trachea and bronchi form lower respiratory tract.
III. Respiratory diseases.
Most microorganisms are retained and neutralized by the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. Sometimes they cause various diseases: influenza, tonsillitis, diphtheria, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis.
In some bones of the skull there are air cavities - sinuses. The frontal bone has frontal sinus, and in the maxillary maxillary sinuses. They amplify the sounds of speech and give them additional shades. The shape of the vocal cords and maxillary sinuses is individual. Therefore, the voice of each person is unique, and we distinguish people by voice.
Influenza, tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections can cause inflammation of the mucous membranes of the sinuses - sinusitis and frontitis. A person's nasal breathing is disturbed, purulent mucus is released from the nose.
Prevention. You need to be treated by an otolaryngologist.
In front of the entrance to the larynx and esophagus are the tonsils (made of lymphoid tissue), they contain many lymphocytes and serve to protect against infection. Inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis.
Behind the soft palate are the pharyngeal tonsils. adenoids. When they become inflamed, breathing becomes difficult.
At diphtheria(in the lane) the tonsils become inflamed: diphtheria films of a gray-white color appear on them. Swollen neck. Heart suffers from toxins myocarditis.
Prevention. People are vaccinated against diphtheria.
1. The vital activity of an organism is possible only when oxygen enters its cells and carbon dioxide is removed.
2. In the nasal cavity, the air is cleaned, heated and humidified.
3. There are two pairs of vocal cords in the larynx. The lower pair is involved in voice formation. Speech sounds are formed in the oral and nasal cavities.
4. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Consolidation of the studied material
Watching a training video (5 min.).
Review questions
1. Why do we breathe?
2. Why can't you talk while eating?
3. Why does a person's voice change with loss of teeth, runny nose, food in the mouth?
Test “Respiratory system”
1. In which respiratory organ is the air heated?
A) nasal cavity
B) larynx;
B) trachea.
A) nasal cavity
B) larynx;
B) trachea.
3. In what organ is the anterior wall formed by cartilaginous semirings?
A) nasal cavity
B) larynx;
B) trachea.
A) has no effect
B) improves;
B) makes it worse.
5. Which of the following organs does not belong to the respiratory system?
A) lungs;
B) trachea;
B) pulmonary artery;
D) bronchi.
Lesson results. (Grades for active work in the lesson, for the test. Homework: p. 26, answer questions p. 138-139)
