Fire alarm types. Measurement of insulation resistance and resistance of the alarm loop during maintenance of the security and fire alarm system What is a loop in a fire alarm

The buildings 20.06.2020

The buildings

SECURITY - FIRE

Addressable signaling, in comparison with others, has probably the only drawback - the relatively high cost of devices.

Fire alarm

It is generally accepted that it is compensated by the lower installation cost in comparison with the conventional system. Undoubtedly, but for large enough objects. In addition, there are other features of this type of signaling, which will be discussed here.

The system under consideration is good, first of all, because one line is enough to connect all the sensors (I do not take the power circuit into account yet). Of course, it is impossible to endlessly increase the number of sensors, for example, for the Orion system (I will base further discussion on the example of this system) the maximum number of addressable devices is 127, but this is already a lot, and if the system is correctly configured, the possibilities will be almost endless.

Figure 1 shows an addressable sensor connection diagram and its conventional analogue, where:

ЛС - communication line,
APS - control panel (device),
PKP - control panel,
AL - alarm loop,
And - a detector.

This scheme does not add anything new to the above, but it clearly illustrates the difference in the amount of installation work.

I would like to note one more point: an addressable fire alarm system, in comparison with a conventional one, has two undoubted advantages:

can use, if the area of the room allows, one fire detector instead of two analog ones,
allows you to monitor the status of each sensor individually.

The rest of the fire and burglar alarms, built on the basis of the address principle, do not have significant differences between themselves.

The principle of operation of addressable sensors differs from analog ones in the way of signal transmission. The first ones transmit information about their state in digital form and, of course, report their individual number (address), determined when setting up the system.

One of the variants of the system configuration (for example, the equipment "Orion" NPO "Bolid") is shown in Figure 2. Abbreviations and designations are as follows:

PC is a personal computer. On its basis, an automated workstation (automated workstation) can be organized, in addition, it can be used to conveniently program and configure the alarm. In the absence of a workstation, the constant presence of a PC in the system is not necessary.
PI - interface converter. The devices exchange information with each other via the RS-485 interface. And they are connected to a PC via a COM port via an RS-232 interface.
SC - network controller (console, control panel). Carries out management, coordination, preservation of the configuration of the system as a whole. Through it, you can also program the system, although it is less convenient.
BI, BU - here I have combined indication, control, keypads, relay modules, etc.
Control panel - control panels, being addressable devices, allow connecting conventional detectors (I), organized in familiar loops.
KDL - two-wire line controller - connects address detectors (sensors) to the system interface. In addition, in the presence of devices called addressable expanders (AP), it allows the use of conventional detectors, as is the case with the control panel.

All devices are assigned individual addresses due to which they are uniquely identified by the system. Each of them has a number of internal settings.

I want to note that the presence of all the listed devices is not at all necessary. Addressable systems are built individually for each object, provide a wide range and flexibility of settings, leaving the possibility of further expanding the system at minimal cost.

ADDRESSED SECURITY SIGNALING

For large objects, the burglar alarm system, built on the basis of the address principle, is extremely convenient. This is determined by several factors:

a significant decrease in the work on the laying of connecting lines;
the ability to localize the state of the system with an accuracy of one sensor;
ease of subsequent scaling;
the ability to quickly change the configuration.

The first point is quite obvious and the evidence for this is given at the beginning of the article. The same goes for the localization of intrusion detectors.

If we talk about scaling, then during the operation of the security alarm system, the need for additional installation of sensors arises quite often. This can be caused by various reasons, including additional blocking of vulnerabilities.

The addressable principle of building the system allows you to restrict yourself to installation work directly on the installation of additional equipment. It is connected to the existing connecting lines.

In addition, when the organization guarding the facility changes, the requirements for building the system may also change. Addressable signaling makes it possible to make the necessary changes to its configuration in a matter of hours. Often it is enough to reprogram the desired zones and sections, which is, of course, extremely convenient.

Minimizing the cost of installing an addressable security alarm.

It's no secret that addressable detectors are quite expensive. To reduce the cost of purchasing them, you can make a compromise option. We install ordinary conventional sensors and connect them to devices called address expanders.

Of course, it is impractical to connect a single detector to the expander, so we proceed as follows:

we equip a separate room or zone using the traditional wired method;
we "hang" the corresponding group of devices on the expander.

As a result, we get a kind of hybrid, which to a large extent has the advantages of an addressable security system, but has a lower cost.

ADDRESSED FIRE ALARM

Here, the need to change the configuration arises quite rarely, except when connecting new premises to the existing fire alarm system or installing additional engineering and technical equipment that should be controlled by the fire system.

At the same time, when using addressable fire sensors, we have:

the same savings on the installation of wired loops;
the ability in most cases to get by with one detector instead of two;
a simpler implementation of the indication of the state of the alarm system.

In general, an addressable security fire alarm for equipment will be more expensive, moreover, it is not a fact that savings on installation work will cover this price difference. However, the larger the object, the more preferable the address system, if not for the price, then for the ease of installation and operation.

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ALARM LOOP

TYPES AND TYPES - INSTALLATION

An alarm loop (AL) is an electrical circuit containing:

sensors (DS);
connecting wires;
terminal (OU), switching, as well as loop control devices (UKSh).

This definition is for a wired loop, and Figure 1 shows the block diagrams of the most common options.

I would like to draw your attention to the ambiguity of the interpretation of the state of dry contacts (relay) in the "classical" technical understanding and use for security alarms. It will be correct to call the contacts normally closed (NC) for a device that has them closed when inoperative. For normally open (NR), naturally the opposite is true.

For sensors (detectors) of the alarm, for some reason, NC is considered a closed state when the detector is on. Indeed, when the detector is turned on and it enters the "normal" state, the contacts are closed, but this is a working state, which means they must be considered NR. In order to avoid confusion, it is better to look at how the alarm is generated:

opening;
or by closing the relay contacts.

The vast majority of sensors use the first option (Fig. 1a). I dwell on this in such detail so that you understand the principle of operation of the alarm loop and the security system as a whole. In the security mode, which is characterized by the supply voltage to the detectors and the absence of influences causing the sensor to enter the alarm state, the AL is a closed circuit.

For the control panel (alarm control panel), this is evidence that everything is normal at the controlled object. The control panel monitors the current flowing in the loop and, if its value deviates upward or downward, it generates an alarm signal.

In order to provide the required current value, a terminal device is connected to the loop - as a rule, a resistor. Terminal devices can be composed of other elements or their combinations, but this is not typical for most security systems.

By the way, in the passport for the control device, it is necessary to indicate which element is used as the terminal one.

In order for a current to appear in the loop, voltage must be applied to it. This is what the PEP does. The polarity of the connection is indicated on its terminal block, which sometimes must be taken into account - more on that later.

Let's see in what cases the security alarm loop can open.

as a result of impact on the sensor, causing it to go into the alarm state;
loss of supply voltage of active detectors;
open or short circuit of the electrical circuit.

The first mode indicates intrusion detection (except in cases of false alarms). The other two are the result of a malfunction of various components of the alarm system. By the way, if sensors are used that generate an alarm signal by closing contacts (Fig. 2b), then in the "alarm" mode the loop will be closed.

KINDS AND TYPES OF SIGNALING LOOPS

Loops can be classified according to several criteria, for example:

method of connection to the device;
the types of detectors used.

In the first case, two types can be distinguished: radial (Fig. 2a) and annular (Fig. 2b). The latter is quite rare and is used mainly in addressable fire alarm systems.

If we talk about the types of sensors used, then we can talk about threshold loops (Fig. 1a-b), which sharply change their electrical parameters when switching to the "alarm" and address modes (Fig. 2c).

I have already spoken about the first ones, and let's look at the addressable alarm loops now.

They are called so thanks to the addressable alarm sensors used in them. In this case, information about the state of the sensor (in digital form) is transmitted over one two-wire line and the supply voltage is supplied. Due to the unique address, each detector can be uniquely identified by the system.

In this case, when connecting the loop, observing the polarity indicated on the terminals of the control panel and security sensors is mandatory. In addition, the number of detectors connected to an addressable AL is limited and is determined by the technical characteristics of the device.

INSTALLATION OF SECURITY LOOPS

To begin with, the alarm loop is a low-current circuit and its installation must be carried out in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations. The main one is to ensure, when laying in parallel with power circuits, the distance between them is at least 50 cm.

How the addressable fire alarm system works

The intersection of these chains is allowed only at right angles, etc.

Since when laying the loop it is necessary to ensure its protection from accidental damage, it is not allowed to lay wires without attaching them to the supporting structures. The most typical example of how not to do it and how it is done anyway is the free placement (dragging) of loops in the ceiling space, for example, behind the Armstrong ceilings.

The guiding documents of the non-departmental security prescribe, in order to avoid sagging of the connecting lines of the security alarm systems, their fastening with a step, in my opinion, 50 cm. To the walls and ceiling. With an open installation, this becomes irrelevant, since there are electrical boxes, corrugated hoses, which:

firstly, they allow you to comply with the rules for laying loops;
secondly, they simplify and speed up the installation process.

In addition to the requirements for the installation of alarm loops as low-current circuits, there are also rules for ensuring the reliability of their subsequent operation and ease of maintenance. There may be some contradictions here.

For example, from the point of view of maintenance, access to the AL should be as convenient as possible, and from the point of view of security, it is necessary to prevent the possibility of unauthorized access to wires and sensors.

Moreover, if during the guarded time it is difficult to carry out any manipulations with the loop, then during the period when the alarm system is disabled it will not be difficult for a knowledgeable person to disconnect part of the loop or sensors. Moreover, after that the alarm will work as before, only part or all of the room will be unguarded.

To solve this problem, such activities can be carried out as:

sealing (sealing) of instrument cases, junction boxes, places of possible opening of electrical boxes;
hidden installation of alarm sensors;
installation of loop control devices.

The first two points are pretty obvious. The AL control device allows you to determine its break. On the one hand, it may indicate a loop failure, on the other hand, it will tell you that part of the loop is disabled. The UKSh connection is made at the point farthest from the control panel and its visual control must be carried out every time the object is placed under security.

However, what has been said applies to security systems installed in places with a large number of unauthorized persons: shops, offices, etc. The risk of such interference with the alarm system installed in the country, in a private house or apartment is practically absent.

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Site materials are for informational purposes only and cannot be used as guidelines and normative documents.

Heat detector "Bolid"

Fire, in addition to light and heat, with careless handling or in the event of a coincidence of circumstances, can bring a lot of troubles and destruction. This is especially true for multi-storey buildings with their huge vertical air draft and storage facilities with explosives.

The only way to save people's lives, personal and state property from destruction in a fire is to install fire alarm systems on objects. "Bolide" detectors of various types are those indicators that can quickly give a signal about the beginning of a fire.

Purpose and areas of application

Bolid detectors are the basis of the fire and security system. With their help, the surrounding space is monitored, scanned, information is processed and sent to control devices.

On a note: With the help of various detectors "Bolid", devices are activated, both signaling a fire, and fire extinguishing systems.

Since a fire is characterized by such factors as temperature rise, smoke and ultraviolet radiation, the Bolid detectors are also manufactured to react to these signs of fire.

So, in fire alarm systems, fire detectors "Bolid" of this type are used:

Flame detectors.
Thermal sensors.
Smoke detectors.
Combined appliances.

The most functional is the Bolid aspiration detector, which actively scans the surrounding space, analyzing such indicators as heat, smoke and gas content. It is distinguished not only by its versatility, but also by its high price, which starts from 20,000 rubles.

Flame detectors

Flame detectors "Bolid" are used in places where explosive and fast-burning substances are stored. In addition, it is the only type of sensor that can operate in open areas. The movement of air in open areas makes it impossible to use smoke, heat and gas detectors.

Flame detectors are used at such facilities:

offshore drilling rigs;
decks of tankers carrying oil and liquefied gas;
gas and oil production plants;
gas pipelines;
enterprises of the petrochemical industry;
gas stations;
warehouses with explosive and flammable substances;
pyrotechnic factories.

The task of the "Bolid" flame detectors is to detect a fire at the moment of its appearance, with the subsequent introduction of an automatic fire extinguishing system.

The principle of operation of Bolid detectors of this type is the detection of ultraviolet radiation, which is characteristic only of a flame. Sensors do not react to light from lamps, solar radiation and heat. The degree of reliability of these devices corresponds to their price, which ranges from 40,000 to 70,000 rubles.

Thermal sensors

These devices are designed to give a corresponding signal when the temperature rises at the protected object. For indoor use only. They give a signal when the temperature threshold level is reached or according to the results of the analysis by the device of the rate of its increase.

The heat addressable detector "Bolid" detects fire in a complex way - in both ways, which increases the reliability of the device and eliminates false signals. Heat detectors "Bolid" can be installed in rooms with or without heating.

The place of their installation can be:

garages;
premises in offices and other similar institutions;
shopping, entertainment centers and sports facilities;
warehouses of materials with a slow burning rate;
medical institutions;
schools and kindergartens.

Due to the simple device, low price (200-500 rubles) and ease of installation, thermal sensors are in great demand and popularity among many organizations.

Smoke detectors

Smoke sensor

In terms of the speed of detecting signs of fire, Bolid smoke detectors occupy an average position between tribal and heat detectors. Sensors of this type can work both as part of alarm systems and autonomously.

There are two types of smoke collection devices - point and linear:

Spot sensors consist of a housing, a smoke chamber, an optical unit and a printed circuit board. They are usually installed on ceilings and control a certain area. They have a small, in the range of 300-500 rubles, cost.
Linear detector "Bolid" is an optical system consisting of both a transmitter and a receiver. They are installed at different ends of the premises, as close to the ceiling as possible, and control a considerable distance (50-140 m). Modern linear emitters are equipped with a self-monitoring system that amplifies the signal when the optics are dusty. Their price is quite high (from 4000 rubles), but this is compensated by the lack of an abundance of wires and quick installation.

They are installed only indoors.

These objects can be:

kitchens and corridors in residential apartments;
agricultural buildings - cowsheds, pigsties, poultry farms and granaries;
garages and underground parking;
warehouses and storage facilities;
cabins of ships and ships;
aircraft cabins and luggage compartments;
passenger railway carriages;
basements, entrances to various buildings and structures;
schools, kindergartens, clinics and hospitals;
repair shops and car services.

The smoke detectors use an electro-optical system. Its principle of operation is based on a change in the electrical parameters of the photosensor with a decrease in air transparency. Smoke detectors have a sufficient degree of reliability and speed of fire detection. Due to this and the affordable price, they are most popular.

Combined detectors

Combined device

These devices combine gas, smoke, heat and infrared sensors.

Features of addressable fire alarm

Allows to detect fire at the earliest stage. Various systems duplicate each other, eliminate errors and false signals.

Combined devices can operate autonomously and as part of security systems.

They perform the following functions:

Measure the air temperature.
Air is taken and chemically analyzed for the presence of combustion products.
They monitor the presence of smoke in the room.
With the help of infrared sensors, the space is scanned to detect radiation of a given range.
The received information is digitally processed.
They provide information to the indicator and to the security system loop.

These products are installed at such facilities:

executive offices and locations where valuable equipment and important documentation are located;
banking institutions and savings banks;
warehouses and storage facilities with combustible materials.

With a high degree of reliability, these devices have a very affordable price, which ranges from 1000-1800 rubles.

Addressable sensors "Bolid"

Addressable detectors

Addressable sensors "Bolid" are used in fire and security alarm systems. With the help of software, such a device has its place on the diagram, and the operator can determine the place where the alarm comes from.

Addressable burglar detectors "Bolid" are produced in two types:

Manual. Turning on and off devices of this type is carried out manually by pressing a button. The Bolid addressable manual call point is one example of such a device.
Radio channel fire detector "Bolid". This type of sensor receives and transmits signals via a radio channel with a range of up to 600 meters.

The use of radio channel smoke and heat addressable detectors "Bolid" allows not only to speed up the installation of the alarm system, but also to significantly reduce the cost by reducing cable consumption and the amount of work.

The programming of the addressable sensors "Bolid" is carried out after they have been installed in place and tested for operability. This is done from the control panel or personal computer. The device can be assigned absolutely any number, regardless of what it had before. To do this, enter the appropriate command to change the old address and dial a new address.

The use of addressable sensors allows you to accurately determine the location of the fire and take timely measures to eliminate it and evacuate people from the building.

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Eternal theme: 1, 2, 3 or 4? Fire detectors for one room

How many fire detectors, what types and for the generation of what signals should there be in one room?

A.M. Omelyanchuk

Head of Design Bureau of the company "SIGMA-IS"

The question of the number of fire detectors in one room has recently been considered almost indecent. Experts frowning or laughing, but they leave the question, usually giving out a joke, they say, put 4 - it's better to stop. Or they begin to talk about how SP5 should be changed so that everything is correct and understandable. On the other hand, design practitioners are now forced to make projects based on the existing SP5.

Without pretending to be complete coverage of possible situations, I will try to present practical recommendations based on the already accumulated experience of life with technical regulations and new sets of rules.

What is required and what is the exception?

The requirements for the number of detectors are set in SP 5.13130.2009 by clauses 13.3.2-13.3.3 and 14.1-14.3 and annexes O and R. I will not fully quote the text - the main points are very long and not very clear. If you wish, find and read. Just keep in mind that there were some minor changes to 14.2 this summer to make it a little clearer.

The greatest discrepancies in relation to the main text (sections 13 and 14) are raised by the question "Should all of these points be followed, or do some of them describe exceptions, and from which requirements of which particular points are exceptions made?"

On the whole, it seems to me that the most logically consistent interpretation is given in Table. 1.

Applicability of Appendix P

Now a few explanations on the topic of how to determine which cell of the table. 1 refers to your specific case.

Appendix P is mentioned in the paragraph where it says about the use of "detectors with increased reliability", and it, in theory, describes the features of such detectors (with increased reliability).

Down to the spark. How does an addressable fire alarm system work?

As you can see in the table. 1, the applicability of Appendix P can greatly influence the answer. I will give this application in full:

R.1 The use of equipment that analyzes the physical characteristics of fire factors and (or) the dynamics of their change and provides information about its technical condition (for example, dust content).
R.2 The use of equipment and its operating modes, excluding the impact on detectors or loops of short-term factors not related to fire

The applicability of Appendix P to specific detectors is a matter of faith and marketing efforts by the manufacturer.

If you say that none of the existing detectors meets these requirements, I will not be able to object. Indeed, it is impossible to defend against all short-term factors. Indeed, the detectors do not analyze the physical characteristics - they simply measure them.
If you say that any (at least any optical smoke) detector meets these requirements, I will also have to agree. Indeed, all detectors are tested for pulsed electromagnetic interference. Indeed, all detectors detect changes in certain physical parameters of the environment associated with a fire (fire factors).

In practice, it is usually considered that all analogue addressable detectors certainly satisfy Appendix P, and conventional ones do not (I repeat once again, detectors of the "home alone" type, in my opinion, are better than conventional conventional fall under Appendix P, is a matter of trust in a particular manufacturer).

Applicability of Appendix O

The appendix is long, I will not quote it in full. Briefly, its essence is that the estimated time for detecting and eliminating a malfunction (replacing a detector) should not exceed 70% of the admissible shutdown time of the enterprise or the time for which it is possible to "transfer control functions to dedicated personnel."

Please note that this implies the immediate stoppage of the organization's activities for the duration of the malfunction of even a single detector. Although the typical method for calculating risks assumes it is normal for a situation when the alarm in each room does not work 20% of the time. Therefore, if you draw up a STU (special technical conditions) for your facility with the calculation of risks, you will be able to justify the very leisurely work of the repair service and, of course, without any interruption in the activities of the enterprise.

It is now important for us that for the application of Appendix O it is necessary that the indication of a faulty detector on the control panel is provided. The address systems known to me provide this. The admissibility of this clause in the case of conventional detectors of the "home alone" type and similar ones capable of generating such a notification via conventional loops can be challenged by representatives of the State Fire Inspection, although if only one such detector is installed on a conventional loop, the requirement is undoubtedly fulfilled. The point is that these conventional detectors indicate only the very fact of a malfunction, and in order to identify a specific detector that issued this event (if there are several of them on the loop), you must personally bypass the entire loop and find the faulty one with your eyes.

Recommendations for a conversation with an inspector Now let's forget about "only alarm", because any alarm with a siren is already a "type 1 notification system". Taking into account these notes (that any addressable systems can be pulled under Appendix O, and analogue addressable ones and under Appendix P), and also taking into account that almost all domestic non-address devices are two-threshold, it is possible to shorten Table. 1 to an easy-to-remember table. 2.

Let me remind you that, following the letter of the law, addressable and analogue addressable in themselves have no advantage. Technically, it is about "enhanced confidence" or "fault detection". But since today there is no clear explanation of exactly which faults should be detected, for how long, and even more so there is no clear formulation of what "increased reliability" is, then in practice of coordinating projects in the examination and in practice of conducting checks of the GPN, approximately the following understanding has developed ...

Do not forget, the interpretation of the vague wording of the set of rules by a particular expert or inspector may differ from mine, and it is useless to refer to my article in a conversation with him. It will be very easy to explain to you that any multicriteria analog addressable blue laser detector does not meet Appendix P. However, if the inspector is not just looking for something to find fault with, but is already tuned in to a constructive conversation, then the above interpretation will most likely work. Just remember that the application of Appendix O may require a time calculation agreed by the customer to replace a faulty detector.

For large rooms

Now remember that all of the above applies to small rooms. If the room is large, then there will certainly be a lot of detectors, placed at distances no more than the standard ones, depending on the ceiling height, the type of detector and the size of the room. In this case, the question is formulated differently: is it necessary to use half the standard distance between the detectors or half the distance is not necessary. I give in the form of a table. 3.

Please note that Appendix O does not play any role in this case, because there are undoubtedly more than two detectors in each room, and therefore the question of redundancy due to the failure of a separate detector is no longer relevant.

What will the euronorms bring?

In conclusion, I will say that after the transition to the detector testing methodology (fire tests) corresponding to the Euronorms, I see no reason to cling to the remnants of the "sovereign fire standards" and expect a very quick transition completely to Euronorms (EN 54), in which the questions "1, 2, 3 or 4? "In the title is simply not there.

Archive of publications

How to save your property, and sometimes your life, from the destructive power of fire? Observe the rules for using electrical appliances, do not smoke in bed, do not allow children to play with matches.

This list can be continued, but what if the fire happened at night or during the day, when no one was in the apartment?

Of course, the neighbors, hearing the smell of smoke, will call the rescuers, but will they have time to arrive on time? The ideal answer to all these questions is the installation of an alarm in the room, the main element of which is an addressable smoke detector.

He will be able to send a signal to the control panel immediately when the first signs of fire appear and thereby help save your property from fire.

Device and principle of operation
Scope and scope
Model overview
Expert advice and opinions
Summing up

Sensor design and principle of operation

Addressable smoke detectors are an important component of the alarm system. It transmits coded information to the control panel, which includes the address of the device itself or its personal number in the loop, as well as the monitored parameters. At the same time, it can be used to receive a signal to turn on the indicator.

Very often, addressable detectors are produced for a specific device. They are able, depending on the type, to transmit information about the level of smoke or the temperature value in the controlled building. The receiving and control panel, having received them, analyzes the information and submits it to the operator, and also turns on or off the equipment.

A significant number of such devices can be included in one loop, and each of them will have its own unique number, which is easily determined from the remote control. This approach makes it easy to determine in which room the alarm has been triggered.

It can be powered either by a separate pair of wires or by the same pair of wires that is used to exchange information. This approach is used in many systems:

Application area

What is this alarm system? For the first time, it was developed and implemented by foreign experts, and only then it was appreciated by domestic companies.

What is a targeted fire alarm and what are its advantages?

In it, the main component is still the same fire sensor. And as before, the efficiency of the entire system depends on its quality and reliability. However, there were also significant differences.

Each sensor is constantly in the process of communicating with the central console, reporting to it information about its state, which includes information about:

Smoke
Component health
Dust levels

Moreover, each detector has its own communication channel, and the connection can be made in any of the available ways. Therefore, it is allowed to install address sensors in fewer numbers than threshold ones.

There are differences in the topology of the circuit construction and the algorithm for polling devices. The control panel of the address-polling system cyclically polls the detectors in order to find out their status.

In this case, one of four types of signals can come from the device:

Norm
Absence
Malfunction
Fire

The advantages of address systems include:

Possibility of monitoring the operation of detectors
Value for money
Informativeness of messages

But at the same time, they have one significant drawback - an increase in the time of fire detection.

Review of popular models

In the modern market of fire systems, addressable detectors are presented in a wide range. Among them, the following models are in greatest demand:

Smoke optoelectronic (2251EM)
Thermal maximum differential (5251REM)
Threshold (5251NTEM)
Combined (2251TEM)
Laser (LZR)
Optical smoke (FTX-P1)

In them, information is transmitted using digital messages generated by the microprocessor board. They are received by addressable control panels, modules and expanders.

As an example, consider the addressable fire alarm sensor developed by one of the most famous foreign companies System Sensor, IP212 / 101-3A-AIR. It combines optoelectronic and thermal maximum differential sensors, which significantly increased the efficiency of signaling. When applied, it provides protection against any type of fire.

This device fully complies with regulatory requirements, which allows you to install one addressable detector in the room, instead of two non-addressable ones.

When a fire is detected, it transmits a "fire" signal to the control panel. Basically, such sensors are used in industrial enterprises and other social and cultural institutions.

The effectiveness of targeted systems - expert opinion

Why are such systems most often chosen? Because when installing them, you can significantly reduce the cost of installation work and consumables. Addressable systems are able to monitor the status of the detectors, thereby significantly increasing the reliability of operation. They allow to reduce labor costs for service, due to the use of the ring structure of the address communication line.

Another important positive factor is the possibility of targeted control of the entire automation. It should be borne in mind that all addressable devices are connected to a common communication line, and this made it possible to avoid laying additional circuits.

Outcome

Admiring the possibilities, scolding for the high cost and arguing about the areas of application of address systems, it is impossible to get a complete description of their effectiveness.

After all, most of the reasoning is superficial. And an objective assessment can be obtained only by analyzing the opinions of all interested parties, including manufacturers.

They are the ones who know everything about their systems and are able to tell what the real advantages of their equipment are. And addressable sensors actually have enough capabilities to work effectively.

They allow not to waste precious time for such situations and allow the entire system to function extremely smoothly. And this, in turn, guarantees reliable protection of your property from fire.

Plume(Ray) security and fire alarm- electrical circuit from detectors to control panels (control panels) or up to the junction box. Plume connecting the output circuits of the detectors (sensors) and the control panel (control panel) may include auxiliary elements (control devices, visual indication devices, etc.). Appointment plume- transmission of notifications to the control panel, and in some cases also for supplying power to the detectors.

Loops signaling (in Fig. ШС1 ... ШС5) together with communication lines with external devices are part of the linear part of the signaling. Plume has its own normal current, determined by the value of the terminal resistance, and also, to a lesser extent, by the internal resistance of the sensors.

Some requirements for fire alarm loops ( NPB 88-2001 ):
♦ One train fire alarm with fire detectors that do not have an address, it is allowed to equip a control area, including:

premises located no more than 2 communicating with each other floors, with a total area of premises of 300 m2 or less;
to ten isolated and related premises with a total area of not more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while isolated rooms must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc .;
up to twenty isolated and related premises with a total area of no more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while isolated rooms must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc., in the presence of a remote light signaling about the activation of fire detectors above the entrance to each controlled room;
plumes fire alarm systems must unite the premises in such a way that the necessary time to establish the place of the fire is ensured.

♦ The maximum number and area of premises protected by one ring or radial train with addressable fire detectors, is determined by the technical capabilities of the control and monitoring equipment, the technical characteristics included in plume detectors and does not depend on the location of the premises in the building.
♦ Fire detectors installed under the raised floor, above the raised ceiling, must be targeted or connected to independent plumes fire alarm, and it must be possible to determine their location. The design of the raised floor and false ceiling slabs must provide access to fire detectors for their maintenance.
♦ Control panel capacity reserve (quantity plumes), designed to work with conventional fire detectors, must be not less than 10% with the number plumes 10 or more.
♦ Selection of wires and cables, ways of laying them for organization plumes and connecting lines of the fire alarm must be made in accordance with the requirements of PUE, SNiP 3.05.06-85, VSN 116-87, the requirements of this section and technical documentation for devices and equipment of the fire alarm system.
♦ Loops fire alarm must be carried out with the condition of ensuring automatic integrity control them along their entire length.
♦ Loops fire alarm systems should be carried out with independent wires and cables with copper veins. Loops fire alarm systems, as a rule, should be carried out with communication wires, if the technical documentation for the control panel does not provide for the use of special types of wires or cables.
♦ In cases where the system fire alarm not intended to be managed automatic fire extinguishing installations, warning systems, smoke removal and other engineering systems fire safety object to connect plumes of radial fire alarm systems with voltage up to 60 V, connecting lines made by telephone cables with copper conductors of the complex communication network of the facility can be used to the receiving and control devices, provided that communication channels are allocated. At the same time, dedicated free pairs from the cross-section to the junction boxes used during installation plumes fire alarm systems, as a rule, should be located in groups within each junction box and marked with red paint.
♦ Connecting lines made with telephone and control cables must have a reserve stock of cable cores and terminals of junction boxes not less than 10%.
♦ Loops fire alarm systems of radial type, as a rule, should be connected to the control panel by means of junction boxes, crosses. Allowed plumes of radial type fire alarms, connect directly to fire devices, if the information capacity of the devices does not exceed 20 plumes .
♦ Loops ring-type fire alarm systems should be carried out with independent wires and communication cables, while the beginning and end of the ring plume must be connected to the corresponding terminals of the control panel.
♦ The diameter of the copper conductors of wires and cables must be determined from the calculation of the permissible voltage drop, but not less than 0.5 mm .
♦ The power supply lines of the control panel and fire control devices, as well as the connecting lines for the control of automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal or warning systems should be carried out with separate wires and cables. It is not allowed to lay them in transit through explosive and fire hazardous premises (zones). In justified cases, it is allowed to lay these lines through fire-hazardous rooms (zones) in the voids of building structures of the KO class or with fire-resistant wires and cables or cables and wires laid in steel pipes in accordance with GOST 3262.
♦ Joint laying is not allowed plumes and connecting lines of fire alarm systems, control lines of automatic fire extinguishing and warning installations with a voltage of up to 60 V with lines with a voltage of 110 V or more in one box, pipe, bundle, a closed channel of a building structure or on one tray.
Joint laying of these lines is allowed in different compartments of boxes and trays with solid longitudinal partitions with a fire resistance limit of 0.25 h from non-combustible material.
♦ With a parallel open installation, the distance from wires and cables of fire alarm with voltages up to 60 V to power and lighting cables must be at least 0.5 m.
It is allowed to lay the indicated wires and cables at a distance of less than 0.5 m from power and lighting cables, provided they are shielded from electromagnetic interference.
It is allowed to reduce the distance to 0.25 m from wires and cables plumes and connecting lines of fire alarm without protection against interference to single lighting wires and control cables.
♦ In rooms where electromagnetic fields and interference exceed the level established by GOST 23511, plumes and fire alarm connecting lines must be protected from interference.
♦ If you need protection plumes and connecting lines of fire alarm from electromagnetic interference, shielded or unshielded wires and cables laid in metal pipes, ducts, etc. should be used. In this case, the shielding elements must be grounded.
♦ External wiring for fire alarm systems should usually be laid in the ground or in a sewer.
If it is impossible to lay them in this way, they can be laid along the outer walls of buildings and structures, under awnings, on cables or on supports between buildings outside streets and roads in accordance with the requirements of the PUE.
♦ The main and backup cable power lines for fire alarm systems should be laid along different routes, excluding the possibility of their simultaneous failure when they light up at a controlled facility. The laying of such lines, as a rule, should be carried out along different cable structures.
Parallel laying of the specified lines along the walls of the premises is allowed with a distance between them in the light of at least 1 m.
Joint laying of these cable lines is allowed provided that at least one of them is laid in a box (pipe) made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of 0.75 hours.
♦ Loops fire alarm systems, it is advisable to divide into sections by means of junction boxes.
At the end plume it is recommended to provide a device that provides visual control of its switched on state (for example, a device with a flashing signal other than red, with a flashing light frequency of 0.1–0.3 Hz), as well as a junction box or other switching device for connecting equipment for assessment states of the fire alarm system, which must be installed at an accessible place and height.

According to the method of monitoring the integrity of the loop, the following are distinguished:

Sign-permanent loops

Alternating loops

The integrity of the permanent plume controlled using a terminating device - a resistor installed at the end plume... The higher the terminal resistor rating, the lower the current consumption in standby mode, respectively, the lower the capacity of the backup power supply and the lower its cost. The state of the loop of the receiving and control device is determined by its current consumption or, which is the same, by the voltage across the resistor through which it is powered plume... When smoke detectors are connected to the loop, the loop current will increase by the value of their total current in standby mode. Moreover, its value for detecting a loop break must be less than the current in standby mode of an unloaded loop.

Integrity of the alternating plume controlled using a termination device - a resistor and a diode, installed at the end of the loop. The "Fire" signal is transmitted in the positive signal component, "Fault" - in the negative one. To continue working when the "Fault" signal is issued due to the detector removed from the base, a Schottky diode is installed in the base. Thus, the "Fault" signal due to a removed detector or a malfunction of a self-testing detector (for example, a linear detector) does not block the "Fire" signal from a manual call point. The alternating loop allows the use of self-testing detectors in threshold loops. When a malfunction is detected, the detector automatically removes itself from the alarm loop, and this allows it to be used in conjunction with any fire alarm panel, since control of the removal of the detector is a mandatory requirement of fire safety standards for all control panels.

Since May 2009, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ entered into force " Technical regulations on fire safety requirements"and the Code of Rules of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation (SP 5.13130.2009" Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design"), which define new requirements for signaling loops and for fire resistance of fire alarm cables.

Addressable loops:
(material under development)
Intrinsically safe loops:
(material under development)

Fire alarm (FS) is a complex of technical means, the purpose of which is to detect fire, smoke or fire and promptly notify a person about it. Its main task is to save lives, minimize damage and preserve property.

It can consist of the following elements:

Fire alarm control panel (PPKP)- the brain of the entire system, controls the loops and sensors, turns on and off the automation (fire extinguishing, smoke removal), controls the sirens and transmits signals to the control panel of the security company or a local dispatcher (for example, a security guard);
Different types of sensors that can react to factors such as - smoke, open flames and heat;
Fire alarm loop (AL) Is a communication line between sensors (detectors) and the control panel. It also supplies power to the sensors;
Annunciator- a device designed to attract attention, there are light - strobe lamps, and sound - sirens.

According to the method of control over the loops, the fire alarm is divided into the following types:

PS threshold system

It is also often called traditional. The principle of operation of this type is based on a change in resistance in the loop of fire alarm systems. Sensors can only be in two physical states "norm" and "fire". In the event of a fire factor fixation, the sensor changes its internal resistance and the control panel issues an alarm signal along the loop in which this sensor is installed. It is not always possible to visually determine the place of triggering, because in threshold systems, an average of 10-20 fire detectors are installed on one loop.

An end-of-line resistor is used to determine the alarm loop failure (and not the state of the sensors). It is always installed at the end of the loop. When using fire tactics "SS triggering by two detectors", to receive the signal "Attention" or "Likelihood of fire" an additional resistance is installed in each sensor. This allows the use of automatic fire extinguishing systems at the facility and exclusion of possible false alarms and damage to property. The fire extinguishing automatics are started only in case of simultaneous activation of two or more detectors.

PPKP "Granit-5"

The following PPKP can be attributed to the threshold type:

series "Nota", manufacturer Argus-Spectrum
VERS-PK, manufacturer of VERS
devices of the "Granite" series, manufactured by NPO "Siberian Arsenal"
Signal-20P, Signal-20M, S2000-4, manufacturer of airbag Bolid and other fire devices.

The advantages of traditional systems include ease of installation and low cost of equipment. The most significant disadvantages are the inconvenience of fire alarm maintenance and the high probability of false alarms (resistance can vary from many factors, sensors cannot transmit information about dust content), which can only be reduced by using a different type of substation and equipment.

Substation threshold address system

A more advanced system is capable of periodically checking the status of the sensors in automatic mode. In contrast to threshold signaling, the principle of operation consists in a different algorithm for polling sensors. Each detector has its own unique address, which allows the control panel to distinguish them and understand the specific cause and location of the malfunction.

The Code of Rules SP5.13130 allows the installation of only one addressable detector, provided that:

PS does not manage fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations or fire warning systems of the 5th type, or other equipment that, as a result of launch, can lead to material losses and reduce the safety of people;
the area of the room where the fire detector is installed is not more than the area for which this type of sensor is designed (you can check it according to the passport of the technical documentation for it);
the sensor's operability is monitored and, in the event of a malfunction, a “malfunction” signal is generated;
Provides the ability to replace a faulty detector, as well as its detection by external indication.

Sensors in the address-threshold signaling may already be in several physical states - "norm", "fire", "Malfunction", "Attention", Dustiness and others. In this case, the sensor automatically switches to another state, which allows you to determine the place of malfunction or fire with an accuracy of the detector.

PPKP "Dozor-1M"

The following control panels can be referred to the address-threshold type of fire alarm:

Signal-10, manufacturer of the airbag Bolid;
Signal-99, manufacturer PromService-99;
Dozor-1M, manufacturer Nita, and other firefighting devices.

Analogue addressable substation system

The most progressive type of fire alarm at the moment. It has the same functionality as the address-threshold systems, but differs in the method of processing signals from sensors. Decision to switch to mode "fire" or any other state is assumed by the control panel, and not by the detector. This allows you to customize the operation of the fire alarm for external factors. The control panel simultaneously monitors the status of the parameters of the installed devices and analyzes the obtained values, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms.

In addition, such systems have an undeniable advantage - the ability to use any topology of the address line - tire, ring and star... For example, in the event of a break in the ring line, it will split into two independent wired loops, which will remain fully operational. In star-type lines, special short-circuit insulators can be used, which will determine the location of a line break or short circuit.

Such systems are very convenient to maintain, because detectors can be identified in real time that need to be purged or replaced.

The following control panels can be referred to the analogue addressable type of fire alarm:

Controller of two-wire communication line S2000-KDL, manufacturer of airbag Bolid;
A series of addressable devices "Rubezh", manufacturer Rubezh;
RROP 2 and RROP-I (depending on the sensors used), manufacturer Argus-Spectrum;
and many other devices and manufacturers.

Diagram of an analogue addressable fire alarm system based on PPKP S2000-KDL

When choosing a system, designers take into account all the requirements of the customer's technical specifications and pay attention to the reliability of operation, the cost of installation work and the requirements for routine maintenance. When the reliability criterion for a simpler system begins to decline, designers move to a higher level.

Radio channel options are used in cases where cabling becomes economically unprofitable. But this option requires more funds for maintenance and maintenance of devices in working order due to periodic replacement of batteries.

Classification of fire alarm systems according to GOST R 53325–2012

Types and types of fire alarm systems, as well as their classification, are presented in GOST R 53325–2012 “Fire fighting equipment. Fire automation equipment. General technical requirements and test methods".

We have already considered address and non-address systems above. Here you can add that the former allow you to install conventional fire detectors through special expanders. Up to eight sensors can be connected to one address.

By the type of information transmitted from the control panel to the sensors, they are divided into:

analog;
threshold;
combined.

According to the total information capacity, i.e. the total number of connected devices and loops are divided into devices:

small information capacity (up to 5 AL);
average information capacity (from 5 to 20 AL);
large information capacity (more than 20 AL).

In terms of information content, otherwise, according to the possible number of issued notifications (fire, malfunction, dustiness, etc.), they are divided into devices:

low information content (up to 3 notifications);
medium informativeness (from 3 to 5 notices);
high information content (from 3 to 5 notices);

In addition to these parameters, systems are classified according to:

Physical implementation of communication lines: radio channel, wire, combined and fiber optic;
In terms of composition and functionality: without the use of computer technology, with the use of SVT and the possibility of its application;
Control object. Management of various fire extinguishing installations, smoke removal, warning and combined systems;
Expansion possibilities. Non-expandable or expandable, allowing mounting in a housing or separately connecting additional components.

Types of fire warning systems

The main task of the warning and evacuation management system (EACS) is to promptly alert people about a fire in order to ensure safety and prompt evacuation from smoky rooms and buildings to a safe area. According to FZ-123 "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" and SP 3.13130.2009, it is divided into five types.

The first and second type of SOUE

For most small and medium-sized objects, according to fire safety standards, it is necessary to install the first and second type of notification.

At the same time, for the first type, the obligatory presence of a sound annunciator - a siren is characterized. For the second type, additional light boards “exit” are added. A fire alarm should be triggered simultaneously in all rooms with permanent or temporary presence of people.

The third, fourth and fifth type of SOUE

These types relate to automated systems, the launch of an alert is completely assigned to automation, and the role of a person in managing the system is minimized.

For the third, fourth and fifth types of SOUE, the main method of notification is speech. Pre-developed and recorded texts are transmitted, which allow the evacuation to be carried out as efficiently as possible.

In the 3rd type In addition, light indicators "exit" are used and the order of notification is regulated - first for the service personnel, and then for all others according to a specially developed order.

In the 4th type there is a requirement for communication with the control room inside the notification area, as well as additional light indicators of the direction of movement. Fifth type, includes everything listed in the first four, plus the requirement for the presence of separation of the inclusion of light indicators for each evacuation zone is added, full automation of the management of the warning system and the organization of multiple escape routes from each warning zone is provided.

The alarm loop (AL) is one of the components of the object security and fire alarm system. This is a wire line that electrically connects the remote element (elements), output circuits of security, fire and security-fire detectors with the output of control devices. A security and fire alarm loop is an electrical circuit designed to transmit alarm and service messages from detectors to the control panel, as well as (if necessary) to supply power to the detector. AL usually consists of two wires and includes external (auxiliary) elements installed at the end of the electrical circuit. These elements are called load or terminated AL resistor.

Consider a two-wire AL. As an example, Figure 2.4 shows a combined fire alarm loop with a load R n at the end.

Rice. 2.4 Combined fire alarm loop with load R n at the end

In addition to the load resistance, there are a number of factors that create an additional load in the loop circuit - this is the equivalent resistance of the loop wires themselves, the "leakage" resistance between the loop wires and between each loop conductor and the "ground". The permissible limit values of these parameters during operation are indicated in the technical documentation for a specific device. The AL input is connected to the elements of the control panel.

AL is one of the most "vulnerable" elements of the facility security and fire alarm system. It is susceptible to various external factors. The main reason for the unstable operation of the system is the violation of the AL. During operation, a failure in the form of an open circuit or short circuit of the loop can occur, as well as spontaneous deterioration of its parameters. It is possible to intentionally interfere with the loop electrical circuit in order to disrupt its correct functioning (sabotage). At the points of the loop connection, its fastening and laying, current "leaks" between the wires and conductors to the "ground" can form. The resistance to "leakage" is greatly influenced by the presence of moisture. For example, in rooms with high humidity, the resistance between the wires reaches several kOhms.

Let's consider the most common AL methods:

With a description of the AL with a constant current used as a remote element with a resistor;

With power supply of the AL with alternating impulse voltage and used as a load by series connected resistors and a semiconductor diode;

With power supply of the AL with a pulsating voltage and used as a remote element - a capacitor.

The control method with a DC power supply implies continuous monitoring of the input resistance of the alarm loop. Figure 2.5 shows a diagram of a typical control unit of the control panel. In the loop control unit, the input resistance is determined by the value of the amplitude of the analog signal U to, taken from the divider arm, which is formed by the loop with the input resistance R in and a measuring element - a resistor - R and:

U = U p R in / (R in + R and)

Rice. 2.5. Diagram of a typical control unit of the control panel.

The output of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is set to

Two voltage thresholds corresponding to the upper and lower boundaries of the zone of allowed values of the AL input voltage. During operation and changes in the AL resistance and the “leakage” resistance, the AL input resistance should not go beyond the permissible values. Since the exact value of the threshold can be set only with a certain error determined by the technological spread R and and by the ADC error, in this case the acceptable value means the upper and lower threshold zones. Upon reaching R and the upper (which corresponds to an open loop) or lower threshold (which corresponds to a short circuit of the loop conductors), the device should switch to the alarm mode. The value of the external resistor (load resistance) is considered to be optimally selected, at which the control of the loop with the specified parameters and the formation of the "Alarm" notification when the detector installed in this loop is triggered.

An alarm loop (burglar, fire) is usually called an electrical circuit that connects detectors (burglar, fire), additional elements connected to a receiving control device (SCP). The loop diagram is shown in Figures 1, 2.

Please note that structural diagrams are given here. Wiring diagrams for security detectors and wiring diagrams for fire detectors are considered separately.

I want to explain why I offer two almost identical connection options. The contacts of the relay outputs of the signaling detectors are characterized by two states - normally closed (I2), normally open (I1).

This is in the absence of supply voltage. Some equate the normal state of the contacts of burglar-fire alarm detectors with the "normal (guard)" mode, forgetting that in this case the alarm loop is energized, respectively, the detector relay is also. Therefore, Fig. 1 shows the circuit with no supply voltage, Fig. 2 - the circuit with the control panel switched on.

The security loop and the fire loop have no fundamental differences, except that the security loop often uses detectors with "dry" contacts (relay). The fire loop uses such contacts in the presence of heat detectors. A fire alarm loop with smoke detectors is schematically shown in Figure 4 (For a two-wire line).

The control panel uses the current control of the signaling loop, as a rule, constant sign, i.e. the polarity of the voltage supplied to the signaling loop is unchanged. Loop current control implies finding the value of the current flowing through the loop within certain limits (determined by the type of device, the value of the resistor Rok).

When the current changes in any direction, an alarm is generated. Immediately, I note that for burglar-fire detectors with "dry" contacts, the polarity of the loop connection does not matter.

All that has been said is still more theoretical in nature, if only because there are very few security detectors with normally closed contacts (I2 for Fig. 1.2). Therefore, in practice, the loop connection diagram shown in Figure 3 is used for burglar alarms.

It is valid if a security sensor with a relay output and a separate power loop is used. (Astra 5, Astra C, Rustle 2), well, of course, for reed switches. However, the security detector can also use the power supply method from the alarm loop. Then it is connected to the security loop according to Fig. 4.

An alarm signal by such a sensor is generated due to a sharp increase in the current consumed by it - therefore, the current value of the entire burglar (fire) alarm loop also increases.

The maximum number of such detectors for connection to the security alarm loop is limited - it is determined by the rated value of the loop current of a particular fire alarm device.

Concluding a brief overview of this topic, I note that both burglar and fire detectors can be of addressable type. In this case, their connection to the security (fire) alarm loop is performed according to the diagram in Fig. 4.