How values and norms are related. Social norms and values

Landscape design and planning 13.03.2022

Social norms and values are the rules of human behavior established in society. They can be called samples, standards, a kind of guidelines, boundaries that outline the scope of what is permitted in relation to certain conditions of human life. We should not forget that for people one of the main conditions for existence in the world around them is the ability to interact with their own kind.

Social norms are usually divided into several types:

legal;
morality;
political;
religious;
aesthetic.

Let's look at them in a little more detail. For example, legal norms are rules of behavior that have a specific form. They are established by the state and supported by all legal methods, including force. It is especially worth noting that these norms are necessarily expressed in official form, for example, in the form of laws. In each specific society, that is, the state, there can only be one legal system.

Moral norms are the rules of human behavior. They are a clear expression of ideas, for example, about good and bad, or good and evil, and so on. In society, their violation is traditionally met with disapproval. As a rule, a person who does not comply with these norms has to face universal condemnation.

Political – here the name speaks for itself. Therefore, in this case, a brief explanation can be used. They, in essence, regulate political activity within society.

Religious are the rules of behavior that were formed by our ancestors and recorded in the sacred books. Well, aesthetic norms reinforce a person’s idea of the beautiful and the ugly, the graceful and the rude, and so on.

Generally speaking, it must be said that modern society sets clear boundaries and boundaries for people’s behavior. They, of course, may differ in different countries, but the main features here are essentially the same for everyone. A person who violates the norms of legislation (that is, legal) can be sent to prison. With others, not everything is so clear. For example, a violator of religious norms is quite capable of being excommunicated from the church, but we are no longer talking about restricting freedom here.

It turns out that a person, on the one hand, is given a certain freedom of action. At the same time, on the other hand, there are clear boundaries and boundaries, beyond which it is extremely undesirable. Naturally, people, acting within the framework of a certain freedom, still behave differently. Moreover, the more developed the society in which he lives, the wider the freedom provided there, but, nevertheless, going beyond the limits of what is permitted is also punished much more harshly.

One very important point is worth noting here. In any case, society influences human behavior with the help of established social norms - in the overwhelming majority of cases, people are simply forced to obey them. Those who violate the rules must be prepared for certain sanctions against them. Everything is very simple - existence in society requires respect for established norms. Otherwise, the situation may get completely out of control.

In society, social norms are extremely important because they contribute to the unification of individuals into groups, regulate the general process of socialization, are standards of behavior and control various kinds of deviations. In other words, they are guardians of values and guardians of order, reflecting what is most valuable to this group of individuals or to society.

Social values

Now let's look at another aspect. If, in principle, everything is clear with norms, then social values are a much broader and multifaceted phenomenon. They are a priori important for every person, because once decisions are made, in most cases they become a line of behavior that people then try to adhere to every day throughout their lives. It turns out that social values are a way of determining and regulating an individual’s behavior. They help a person distinguish the essential from the meaningless, the significant from the unnecessary, and so on.

Russian psychologist Dmitry Leontiev, who studied social values in detail, identified 3 forms of existence:

social ideals;
their substantive embodiment;
motivational structures.

At the same time, the scientist noted that each of them is capable of flowing into the other.

In human life it often happens that one value system is confirmed, while another is simply rejected due to its inconsistency. As a result, a kind of hierarchy arises, containing concepts applicable to every person.

Everyone’s social values are formed individually, since even within the same society it is very difficult to find two people who would have exactly the same values. Often a person has to face a rather difficult moment when his principles do not correspond or even completely contradict new systems. In addition, there are often situations of inconsistencies between real life and theoretical foundations. Here the process of forming multi-layered systems is already beginning, in which the proclaimed values often diverge from reality.

Social values are formed in a person starting from early childhood. The main role in this process is played by the people surrounding this or that individual. It is especially worth highlighting the family, since it is the example set by the parents that shapes certain values in the child’s head. Of course, as a child grows up, certain changes are simply inevitable. Nevertheless, the basic foundations that were laid by parents, such as the idea of \u200b\u200bgood and bad, will remain with a person throughout his life.

Social values- these are life ideals and goals that, according to the majority in a given society, should be achieved. The value system of a social subject may include various values:

meaningful life values - ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life;
universal values - life, health, personal safety, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order;
values of interpersonal communication - honesty, selflessness, benevolence;
values of social recognition - hard work, social status;
democratic values - freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty.

Social norms are formed on the basis of social values.

Social norms

Social norms are rules of behavior established in society that regulate relations between people, social groups, and public organizations.

Signs of social norms:

They are general rules for members of society.
They do not have a specific addressee and operate continuously over time.
Aimed at regulating social relations.
They arise in connection with the volitional, conscious activity of people.
They arise in the process of historical development.
Their content corresponds to the type of culture and the nature of the social organization of society.

Ways to regulate people's behavior by social norms:

Permission is an indication of behavior options that are desirable, but not required.
A prescription is an indication of a required action.
A prohibition is an indication of actions that should not be performed.

Types of social norms

Social norms are diverse in form and content, as are the social relations they regulate. The main types of social norms:

Customs- Mass patterns of actions approved by society that arose as a result of their repeated repetition.

Traditions(essentially a type of custom) - values, norms, patterns of behavior, ideas, social attitudes, etc., inherited from predecessors. Traditions refer to cultural heritage; they tend to be revered by most members of society.

Moral standards- rules of behavior that express people’s ideas about good or bad, good and evil, etc. Compliance with moral rules is ensured by the authority of collective consciousness, their violation is condemned in society.

Legal standards- rules of behavior established or sanctioned by the state, expressed in official form and binding.

Corporate standards- rules of conduct established by public organizations.

Political norms- rules of behavior that regulate political activity, relations between citizens, the state, and social groups.

Religious norms- rules of conduct formulated in the texts of sacred books or established by religious organizations.

Etiquette standards - formal rules of behavior in predetermined situations, norms of communication, cooperation.

Aesthetic standards- ideas about the beautiful and the ugly in artistic creativity, as well as in people’s behavior and everyday social practice.

The implementation of norms, depending on their type, is controlled by public opinion, relevant social institutions and official organizations, and the internal psychological attitudes of the individual.

According to the degree of mandatory implementation, the following types of norms are distinguished:

stimulating (stimulate the individual’s activities that are desirable for society);
prohibitive (indicate actions that cannot be performed, define the boundaries of what is permitted);
binding (indicate mandatory rules of conduct and methods of action);
recommendatory (indicate desirable, but not obligatory behavior options).

According to the criterion of formality, social norms are distinguished such as:

written
unwritten.

Written norms are formally recorded in legal acts (constitution, criminal law, etc.), their compliance is controlled by the state. Unwritten norms are rules of conduct, the observance of which is not guaranteed by legal acts.

Class: 11

Target: to form an idea of social norms and values, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining social order.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

Plan:

Social values and norms.
Social sanctions.

I. Learning new material.

When creating the human race, the gods took care of it with truly divine generosity: they gave it reason, speech, fire, abilities for skill and art. Everyone was endowed with some kind of talent. Builders, blacksmiths, healers, etc. appeared. Man began to get food, make beautiful things, and build houses. But the gods were unable to teach people to live in society. And when people gathered together for some big task - to build a road, a canal, fierce disputes broke out between them, and often the matter ended in general collapse. People were too selfish, too intolerant and cruel; everything was decided only by brute force...

And the threat of self-destruction loomed over the human race.

Then the father of the gods, Zeus, feeling his special responsibility, ordered to introduce shame and truth into people's lives.

The gods were delighted with the wisdom of their father. They asked him only one question: how to distribute shame and truth among people? After all, the gods bestow talents selectively: one will be given the abilities of a builder, another a musician, a third a healer, etc. But what to do with shame and truth?

Zeus replied that all people should have shame and truth. Otherwise, there will be no cities, no states, and no people on Earth...

What is this myth about?

Today in the lesson we will talk about social values and norms - regulators of human behavior.

1. Social values and norms

We encounter values at every step. But how often do we think about them? The saying “Look inside yourself” suggests that the basis of our morality should be internal dialogue, a person’s judgment over himself, in which he himself is both an accuser, a defender, and a judge. What determines the essence of this monologue? Of course, those values that move a person. What are values and norms?

The class is asked to assemble a whole concept from words.

There are values that are worshiped by the absolute majority of the planet's inhabitants. What values am I talking about? About universal (eternal) values:

The class is divided into three groups.

Exercise 1. Each group must write a short story (5-6 sentences), using partially the given words (values).

Task 2. Having studied the material in § 6 “Social norms”, create a cluster of what social norms permeate our lives.

Regulation of human behavior by social norms is carried out in three ways:

permission - an indication of behavior options that are desirable, but not required;
prescription - an indication of the required action;
prohibition - an indication of actions that should not be performed.

Carefully study the data in the “Social Norms” table and indicate which of the presented norms are prohibited? Which ones are prescriptions? Which ones are permitted?

Social norms

Kinds	Example

Traditions	Regular meetings of school alumni *(permission)*
Legal standards	“Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 29(2)) *(ban)*
Moral standards	Treat others the way you want them to treat you. *(prescription)*
Political norms	“The people exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local governments” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 3(2)) *(prescription)*
Aesthetic standards	The canon of proportions of the human body, established in the plastic arts of Ancient Egypt, and the system of ideal proportions of the human body developed by the ancient Greek sculptor Polycletus, which became the norm for Antiquity *(ban)*
Religious norms	“Do not repay anyone evil for evil, take care of the good between all people... Do not avenge yourself, beloved, but give room to the Wrath of God” (Introduction to the Christian Bible. New Testament. St. Petersburg, 1993. P. 173) *(ban)*
Rules of etiquette	Helping a child, a helpless woman... *(prescription)*
	Fashion for sportswear *(permission)*

2. Social sanctions – means of establishing social norms.

Sanctions exist in the form of rewards and punishments, which can be formal or informal.

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions .

Informal positive sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, silent recognition, goodwill, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, death penalty.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unkind review, complaint, writing a feuilleton, revealing article.

II. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Answer the questions:

What's happened social norm?
What social norms exist in society? Explain their purpose.
What role do social sanctions play?

Homework:§ 6, learn.

Annex 1 . Worksheet for the lesson “Social values and norms”

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http:// www. allbest. ru/

Test

discipline: Sociology

Topic: Social values and norms

Moscow - 2015

Introduction

1.Social norms

1.1 Types of social norms

2. Social values

3. Social norms and values as elements of social culture

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

In modern life, the term “sociology” is often used in the media; we constantly see, hear, and read about sociological surveys of the population, ratings of presidents or candidates, images of political figures. These and other concepts hover around us in all places where people gather: in queues, at enterprises, in transport, in various political and near-political circles.

Sociology (from Latin Socius - social; ancient Greek Ligpt - science) is the science of society, the systems that make it up, the patterns of its functioning and development, social institutions, relationships and communities. The term sociology was first introduced by O. Comte in 1839. Dulina N.V., Nebykov I.A., Tokarev V.V. Sociology. Tutorial. Volgograd, 2006. - p.11.

The concept of social values and norms first appeared in sociological science thanks to M. Weber. According to M. Weber, every human act appears meaningful only in relation to values, in the light of which the norms of human behavior and their goals are determined. Weber traced this connection in the course of his sociological analysis of religion. Giddens, E. Sociology: Textbook. / E. Giddens. - M.: Vostok, 1999. - p.296.

The emergence and functioning of social norms, their place in the socio-political organization of society are determined by the objective need to streamline social relations. The emergence of social norms (“general rules”) is based, first of all, on the needs of material production. Social norms are requirements, instructions, wishes and expectations of appropriate behavior.

Social values, such as moral values, ideological values, religious values, economic values, national and ethical values, are of utmost importance for study and accounting also because they act as a measure of social assessments and criterion characteristics.

This topic is relevant because understanding values as a set of ideals, principles, moral norms that represent priority knowledge in people’s lives, have a very specific humanitarian significance both for a particular society, for example, for Russian society, and at the universal level. Therefore, the problem deserves comprehensive study. Values unite people based on their universal significance.

Purpose of the work: to form an idea of social norms and values, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining social order.

1. SOCIAL NORMS

Social norm (from Latin Norma - rule, sample, measure) is a rule of behavior established in society that regulates relationships between people and social life.

A social norm is not just an abstract rule of desired behavior. It also means the real action itself, which has actually been established in life, in practice. In this case, actual actions become the rule. In other words, a social norm expresses not only the “ought”, but also the “existent”. Theory of State and Law / Ed. V.M. Korelsky and V.D. Perevalova. - M., 1997

Signs of social norms :

1) They are general rules for members of society.

2) They do not have a specific addressee and operate continuously over time.

4) They arise in connection with the volitional, conscious activity of people.

5) They arise in the process of historical development.

Human society is a set of relationships of people to nature and to each other, or a set of social phenomena. Social norms are the general rules of behavior of people in society, determined by its socio-economic system and resulting from their conscious-volitional activity. E. Giddens “Sociology”. - M., 1999

Individuals, as members of society, as conscious, creative and free beings, are free to choose their behavior. Their actions may not be consistent and contradict each other. Contradictory behavior can call into question the existence of society. Therefore, there is a need to regulate human behavior, that is, to determine its method and ensure socially acceptable behavior of people.

People as social beings create a new world, different from nature, but with a certain order. In order for this order to exist, social norms are created, which are essentially a special product of human society.

Social norms, by regulating people's behavior, regulate the most diverse types of social relations. They form a certain hierarchy of norms, distributed according to the degree of their sociological significance. Compliance with norms is regulated by society with varying degrees of strictness.

Social norms that determine human behavior ensure the existence of people in society and the existence of a person as a person - in his relations to other people and to himself. With their help, a person strives to preserve and realize certain values in the natural and social reality in which he lives.

Social norms are the expected rules of human behavior in society. Man is a free being and, within the framework of freedom, he can behave in different ways. The more developed a society is and the more confidently it progresses, the greater the progress of human consciousness and freedom, the more a person behaves as a free being, and society can influence his free behavior with the help of rules created by society. Frolov S.S. Sociology: Textbook. - M., 2000. - p. 20

Social norms presuppose the relative freedom of human behavior, which each person feels when he acts in accordance with social rules, although he might not comply with them. When a person violates the rules of conduct, he must be prepared to undergo a certain kind of sanctions, by applying which society ensures that individuals respect social rules.

With the help of social norms, society strives to ensure the implementation of certain social functions, coordination and coordination of the actions of individuals for the process of social production, ensuring the existence of society at a given stage of its development.

1.1 Types of social norms

Social norms are divided into social regulations and technical rules.

1. Social prescriptions are social norms in the narrow sense of the word. These are social norms that determine a person’s social behavior, that is, a person’s attitude towards other members of society. When people act in accordance with social regulations, a social state is established that is beneficial to the society that creates these rules.

Social regulations regulate relations between people in the state and in social groups. These are the norms by which a person’s behavior is regulated in relation to other people in the state, in the family, on the street, in the process of producing material goods, etc. These norms serve the implementation of a common goal, the achievement of which corresponds to the interests of some broad community, but may not correspond to the interests of its individual members. To ensure respect for these norms, the community takes certain measures, starting with education and up to sanctions, with the help of which the violator of social norms is deprived of certain benefits.

A social prescription has two parts: disposition and sanction. Giddens E. Sociology. - M.: Editorial URSS, 1999.- p.119.

Disposition is part of a social prescription that determines the behavior of an individual in such a way that the interests of the community or collective are respected.

A sanction is the deprivation of certain benefits to the one who violated the disposition. This satisfies the community's desire to punish those members of society who do not adhere to the accepted way of behavior. An indirect effect of sanctions on people’s behavior is also possible. Knowing that they are threatened with certain sanctions, that is, deprivation of certain benefits, people refrain from violating social regulations.

Sanctions cannot be exclusively negative, that is, aimed only at depriving some benefits of those members of society who violate public rules. There may also be positive sanctions - not for violating the rules, but for behavior in accordance with them. They are a reward for socially desirable behavior.

2. Technical rules are norms of behavior that are social only indirectly. They regulate not a person’s relationship to other people, but a person’s relationship to nature. These are norms that are based on knowledge about nature and determine human behavior in the process of appropriating nature.

Through actions, a person can make changes in nature that are favorable to him. These norms determine the activity of transforming nature (material nature in the narrow sense of the word). Technical rules serve to achieve a specific goal in which either an individual or many people are interested. Technical norms are instructions to an individual on how to act in a certain situation; they act as assistance to the individual from society, but not as orders. This is the reason for the lack of sanctions. For example, someone who wants to get well must follow the instructions of medical specialists, otherwise he will continue to get sick.

Technical rules are subject to continuous changes that occur in the course of changes in human consciousness and ways of appropriating nature, adapting it to the needs of people. Changes in technical rules are directly related to the development of science and the emergence of new opportunities for the development of technology.

Technical rules are social rules, since man's relationship to nature is a social relationship; Also, a person’s attitude to science, to the knowledge it provides and its application represents the attitude of society to science.

2. SOCIAL VALUES

Values are not something that can be bought or sold. The most important function of social values is to play the role of criteria for choosing from alternative courses of action. The values of any society interact with each other and are a meaningful element of a given culture. Kravchenko A.I. General sociology: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001. - p.343.

The main function of social values is to be a measure of assessments. In any value system, one can highlight the following:

Preferred to the greatest extent (acts of behavior that approach the social ideal are what are admired). The most important element of the value system is the zone of highest values, the meaning of which does not need any justification (that which is above all, that which is inviolable, sacred and cannot be violated under any circumstances);

It is considered normal, correct (as is done in most cases);

It is disapproved of, condemned and presented as an absolute evil that is not allowed under any circumstances.

Values are the basis that gives social interactions a certain coloring and content, making them social relationships. A value can be defined as a target desired event.

2.1 Classification of social values

Social values can be divided into two main groups:

Welfare values,

Other valuables. Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology: General course. - 2nd ed., add. and processed - M.: Yurait-M, 2001.- p. 390.

Welfare values refer to those values that are a necessary condition for maintaining the physical and mental activity of individuals. This group of values includes: skill (qualification), enlightenment, wealth, well-being.

Mastery (qualification) is acquired professionalism in some area of practical activity.

Enlightenment is the knowledge and information potential of an individual, as well as his cultural connections.

Wealth refers mainly to services and various material goods.

Well-being means the health and safety of individuals.

Other social values - the most significant of them should be considered power, respect, moral values and affectivity. The most important value is power. Possession of power makes it possible to acquire any other value.

Respect is a value that includes status, prestige, fame and reputation. The pursuit of this value is considered one of the basic human motivations.

Moral values include kindness, generosity, virtue, justice and other moral qualities.

Affectivity is the values that include love and friendship.

Social values are distributed unevenly among members of society. In every social group or class there is a distribution of values among members of the social community. Relations of power and subordination, all types of economic relations, relationships of friendship, love, partnership, etc. are built on the unequal distribution of values.

Social values are the basic initial concept when studying a phenomenon such as culture. According to the domestic sociologist N.I. Lapin “the value system forms the internal core of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. It, in turn, has a reverse impact on social interests and needs, acting as one of the most important motivators of social action and individual behavior. Thus, every value and value system has a dual basis: in the individual as an intrinsically valuable subject and in society as a sociocultural system.” N.I. Lapin A.G. Zdravomyslov: General sociology. Reader / Comp. A.G. Zdravomyslov, N.I. Lapin

3. SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES AS ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CULTURE

Social values and norms mean the rules, patterns, and standards of human behavior established in society that regulate public life. They define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of people in relation to the specific conditions of their life. Dulina N.V., Nebykov I.A., Tokarev V.V. Sociology. Tutorial. Volgograd, 2006. - p. 39.

Social norms can be divided into the following types:

Moral norms - that is, such rules of behavior that express people's ideas about good or bad, good and evil, etc.; their violation is met with condemnation in society;

Legal norms are formally defined rules of conduct established by the state; legal norms expressed in official form: in laws or regulations;

Religious norms are rules of behavior formulated in the texts of holy books or established by religious organizations;

Political norms are rules of behavior that regulate political activity, relations between a person and the state, etc.;

Aesthetic norms - reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly, etc.

Social values and norms are a fundamental factor in social behavior.

Social values refer to general ideas about the desired type of society, the goals that people should strive for, and the methods for achieving them. Values are specified in social norms.

Social norms are instructions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate, socially approved behavior. Norms are some ideal samples (templates) that prescribe what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. A norm is a measure of acceptable behavior of an individual or group that has historically developed in a particular society. The norm also means something statistically average, or the rule of large numbers (“like everyone else”). Yakovlev I.P. Sociology: Textbook. allowance. - St. Petersburg: IVESEP, Knowledge, 2000. - p.81 These include:

1. Habits are established patterns (stereotypes) of behavior in certain situations.

2. Manners are external forms of human behavior that receive positive or negative assessment from others. Manners distinguish the well-mannered from the ill-mannered, secular people from commoners.

3. Etiquette is a system of rules of behavior adopted in special social circles that make up a single whole. Includes special manners, norms, ceremonies and rituals. It characterizes the upper strata of society and belongs to the area of elite culture.

4. Custom is a traditionally established order of behavior, based on habit, but refers not to individual, but to collective habits. These are socially approved mass patterns of action.

5. Tradition - everything that is inherited from predecessors. Originally this word meant “tradition.” If habits and customs are passed on from one generation to another, they become traditions.

6. Ritual is a type of tradition. It characterizes not selective, but mass actions. It is a set of actions established by custom or ritual. They express some religious ideas or everyday traditions. Rituals apply to all segments of the population.

7. Ceremony and ritual. A ceremony is a sequence of actions that have a symbolic meaning and are dedicated to the celebration of certain events or dates. The function of these actions is to emphasize the special value of the events being celebrated for the society or group. A ritual is a highly stylized and carefully planned set of gestures or words performed by persons specially chosen and trained for this purpose.

8. Morals are special protected, highly respected mass patterns of action by society. Mores reflect the moral values of society; violation of them is punished more severely than violation of traditions. A special form of morals are taboos (an absolute prohibition imposed on any action, word, object). In modern society, taboos are imposed on incest, cannibalism, desecration of graves or insult, etc.

9. Laws - norms and rules of conduct, documented, supported by the political authority of the state. By laws, society protects the most precious and revered values: human life, state secrets, human rights and dignity, property.

10. Fashion and hobbies. Infatuation is a short-term emotional addiction. Changing hobbies is called fashion.

11. Values are socially approved and shared by most people ideas about what good is. Justice, patriotism, friendship, etc. Values serve as a standard, an ideal for all people. Sociologists use the term value orientations. Values belong to the group or society, value orientations belong to the individual.

12. Beliefs - conviction, emotional commitment to any idea, real or illusory.

13. Code of honor - special rules governing people’s behavior, based on the concept of honor. They have ethical content and mean how a person should behave so as not to tarnish his reputation, dignity and good name.

The objective basis of a social norm is manifested in the fact that the functioning and development of social phenomena and processes occurs within appropriate qualitative and quantitative limits. The totality of actual acts of action that form social norms is made up of homogeneous but unequal elements. These acts of action differ from each other in the degree of correspondence to the average model of the social norm. Actions range from complete compliance with the model to complete departure from the limits of the objective social norm. The dominant system of social values is manifested in the qualitative certainty, in the content, meaning and significance of the characteristics of social norms, in real behavior.

CONCLUSION

norm value social rule

In sociology, the concepts of social values and norms are very often used, which characterize the basic orientations of people both in life in general and in the main areas of their activity - in work, in politics, in everyday life, etc.

Social values are the highest principles on the basis of which consent is ensured, both in small social groups and in society as a whole.

Social norms perform very important functions in society. They:

Regulate the general course of socialization;

Integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;

Control deviant behavior;

They serve as models and standards of behavior.

Social norms form a system of social influence, which includes motives, goals, orientation of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

Social norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:

Like standards of behavior (responsibilities, rules);

Like expectations of behavior (other people's reactions).

Social norms are guardians of order and guardians of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior represent what is valued by a group or society.

The difference between a norm and a value is expressed as follows:

Norms are rules of behavior

Values are abstract concepts of what is good and evil,

right and wrong, should and should not.

Elements of culture - norms, values - constitute a certain system and interact with other components of social regulation: economics, social structure and politics. The above social institutions are not the only carriers of culture. An important factor and its “carrier” is also the personality. In her behavior and inner world, those customs, norms and values that are part of the culture work or do not work, and can sometimes undergo various kinds of transformation.

In culture, a typical or basic personality is considered as the bearer of accepted norms and values that dominate in a given society. Personality is formed through the mechanisms of choosing one or another type of behavior, values and meanings in this generally accepted system. The individual is responsible for this choice.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

Giddens, E. Sociology: Textbook. / E. Giddens. - M.: Vostok, 1999. - 256 p.

Dulina N.V., Nebykov I.A., Tokarev V.V. Sociology. Tutorial. Volgograd, 2006.

Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Korelsky, V.M. Theory of Government and Rights. / V.M. Korelsky, V.D. Perevalov. - M.: Bustard 1997.

Kravchenko A.I. General sociology: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001.

Lapin N.I., Zdravomyslov A.G.: General sociology. Reader / Comp. A.G. Zdravomyslov, N.I. Lapin

Sociology in questions and answers: Textbook / ed. prof. V.A. Chumakova. - Rostov n/d., 2000.

Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology: General course. - 2nd ed., add. and processed - M.: Yurayt-M, 2001.

Frolov S.S. Sociology: Textbook. - M., 2000.

Yakovlev I.P. Sociology: Textbook. allowance. - St. Petersburg: IVESEP, Knowledge, 2000.

Posted on Allbest.ru

1. Social values

Currently, a number of prominent sociologists (for example, G. Lasswell and A. Kaplan) believe that values are the basis that gives social interactions a certain coloring and content, making them social relations. A value can be defined as a target desired event. That subject X values object Y means that X acts in such a way as to achieve X's level or at least approach it. A person takes a position of evaluation in relation to all components of his environment. But she will carry out social actions in relation to someone only because of things that she values and considers useful and desirable for herself, that is, for the sake of values. Values in this case serve as an impetus, a necessary condition for any kind of interaction.

Analysis of social values allows us to roughly divide them into two main groups:

Welfare values,

Other valuables.

Welfare values refer to those values that are a necessary condition for maintaining the physical and mental activity of individuals. This group of values includes, first of all: skill (qualification), enlightenment, wealth, well-being.

Mastery (qualification) is acquired professionalism in some area of practical activity.

Enlightenment is the knowledge and information potential of an individual, as well as his cultural connections.

Wealth refers mainly to services and various material goods.

Well-being means the health and safety of individuals.

Other social values are expressed in the actions of both the individual and others. The most significant of them should be considered power, respect, moral values and affectivity.

The most significant of them is power. This is the most universal and highest value, since its possession makes it possible to acquire any other values.

Respect is a value that includes status, prestige, fame and reputation. The desire to possess this value is rightfully considered one of the main human motivations.

Moral values include kindness, generosity,

virtue, justice and other moral qualities.

Affectivity is values that include, above all, love and friendship.

Everyone knows the case when Alexander the Great, who had power, wealth and prestige, offered to use these values to the philosopher Diogenes of Sinope. The king asked the philosopher to name a desire, to make any demand, which he would immediately fulfill. But Diogenes had no need for the proposed values and expressed his only desire: for the king to move away and not block the sun for him. The relationship of respect and gratitude that Macedonian had hoped for did not arise; Diogenes remained independent, as did the king.

Thus, the interaction of value needs reflects the content and meaning of social relations.

Due to the inequality that exists in society, social values are distributed unevenly among members of society. In each social group, in each social stratum or class, there is its own, different from others, distribution of values between members of the social community. It is on the unequal distribution of values that relations of power and subordination, all types of economic relations, relations of friendship, love, partnership, etc. are built.

A person or group that has advantages in the distribution of values has a high value position, and a person or group that has fewer or no values has a low value position. Value positions, and therefore value patterns, do not remain unchanged, since in the course of the exchange of existing values and interactions aimed at acquiring values, individuals and social groups constantly redistribute values among themselves.

In their quest to achieve values, people enter into conflictual interactions if they consider the existing value pattern to be unfair, and actively try to change their own value positions. But they also use cooperative interactions if the value pattern suits them or if they need to enter into coalitions against other individuals or groups. And finally, people enter into interactions in the form of concessions if the value model is considered unfair, but some members of the group, for various reasons, do not seek to change the existing situation.

By analyzing social values in the context of public consciousness and people’s behavior, one can obtain a fairly accurate idea of the degree of development of an individual, the level of his assimilation of the entire wealth of human history. That is why they can be correlated with one or another type of civilization in the depths of which a given value arose or to which it primarily relates: traditional values, focused on the preservation and reproduction of established goals and norms of life; modern values that arose under the influence of changes in public life or in its main spheres. In this context, comparisons of the values of the older and younger generations are very revealing, which makes it possible to understand the tension and causes of conflicts between them.

The spiritual world of youth

Usually, valuables mean objects that have some properties useful to humans. In philosophy, the concept of value has a more abstract meaning, close to the concept of “meaning”. When they talk about the meaning of something, then...

Life values of high school students and their attitudes towards marriage and family

Toffler's third wave concept

While the value of a Second Wave firm could be assessed in terms of tangible assets such as buildings, machinery, shares, inventory, the value of a Third Wave firm increasingly lies in its ability to acquire, create...

Youth subcultures in modern Russian society: sociological analysis

During the formation of a new social worldview at the end of the 20th century, the established system of values and traditions was lost. The resulting sociocultural vacuum was quickly filled with mass Western products...

Universal human values of a mass consumer society

Universal human values are fundamental, universal guidelines and norms, moral values that are the absolute standard for people of all cultures and eras...

Family values of student youth

Different historical eras with different philosophical and religious systems are reflected in the formation of values. Values are always social in nature. They are created on the basis of social relations...

Social connections, social actions and interactions as a basic element of social life

Social life can be defined as a complex of phenomena arising from the interaction of individuals, social groups, a certain space, and the use of products located in it necessary to satisfy needs...

Sociology of personality

A person interacts with different people and social groups every day. It rarely happens that he fully interacts only with members of one group, for example a family, but at the same time he can also be a member of the work collective...

The formation of personality and its form

The concept of values reflects the significance of certain objective phenomena for people’s lives. The value attitude is formed in the process of human activity, where three types of production are distinguished: people, things and ideas...

Society structure

The physical environment has an adaptive significance for society in the sense that it is a direct source of material resources that are used by society through its production...

Transformation of social values in a traditional family

Family and family values in all countries of the world have always been at the core of any society. Regardless of cultural characteristics, children were born, raised and grew up in families, gradually adopting the experience and traditions of the older generation...

Values and their role in human life

The modern generation should never forget the wealth that our ancestors left us. The wisdom of our ancestors is reflected in the works of oral folk art. In a simple short statement they could definitely...

Values and principles in individual social work

The social worker stands for protecting the rights and interests of the client. He conducts a course of rehabilitation therapy in a special way, allowing him to integrate into the community, to be its full member...

Value orientations of modern youth